2003年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題及答案

　　56. What is implied in the first sentence?

　　[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.

　　[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.

　　[C] Americans are over�瞔onfident of their medical technology.

　　[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.

　　57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that.

　　[A] medical resources are often wasted[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases

　　[C] some treatments are too aggressive

　　[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable

　　58. The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of.

　　[A] strong disapproval[B] reserved consent

　　[C] slight contempt[D] enthusiastic support

　　59. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care.

　　[A] more flexibly[B] more extravagantly

　　[C] more cautiously[D] more reasonably

　　60. The text intends to express the idea that.

　　[A] medicine will further prolong people’s lives

　　[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living

　　[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life

　　[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care

　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)

　　Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.

　　“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words “anthropos”: “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

　　Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

　　Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.

　　All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field�瞫tudy oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered first�瞙and, combined with a cross�瞔ultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

　　Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as“...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.

　　(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

　　各時期各地區(qū)的人們都思考各自的世界，并想知道自己在其中的位置。人類善于思考，又善于創(chuàng)造，擁有永不滿足的好奇心。此外，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而使所有其他形態(tài)的生命服從于人類自己獨特的想法和想象。因而，以一種冷靜而系統(tǒng)的方式研究人類的豐富性和多樣化非常重要，希望研究的結(jié)果不僅能夠讓人類之間更和睦地相處，同時也能讓人類與地球上其他形式的生命更加和諧地共存。

　　“人類學(xué)”這個詞來源于希臘語anthropos(人類)和logos(研究)。就名字而言，人類學(xué)包含了對整個人類的研究。

　　人類學(xué)是社會科學(xué)的一部分。社會科學(xué)是知識探索的一個分支，它力圖像自然科學(xué)家研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式研究人類及其行為。

　　社會學(xué)學(xué)科包括地理學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、政治學(xué)、心理學(xué)和社會學(xué)。每個學(xué)科中都有一個分支或?qū)�業(yè)與人類學(xué)聯(lián)系緊密。

　　所有社會科學(xué)都以研究人類為核心。人類學(xué)是一個重視實地考察的學(xué)科，在研究中大量使用對比分析法。強(qiáng)調(diào)搜集第一手資料，加上分析過去和現(xiàn)在的文化形態(tài)時采用跨文化視角，使這一研究成為一門獨特并且非常重要的社會科學(xué)。

　　人類學(xué)分析十分倚重文化概念。愛德華·泰勒爵士對文化概念的闡述是19世紀(jì)偉大的科學(xué)成就之一。泰勒把文化定義為“……一個復(fù)合整體，它包括人作為社會成員所獲得的信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風(fēng)俗以及其他能力和習(xí)慣�！边@種見解簡單而深刻，開創(chuàng)了一種認(rèn)識和理解人類生活的全新方法，泰勒的定義中隱含的一個概念是文化是可以通過學(xué)習(xí)獲得的，可共享的，模式化的行為。

　　因此，人類學(xué)中“文化”的概念就像數(shù)學(xué)中“集”的概念一樣，是一個抽象概念。它使大量的具體研究和認(rèn)識成為可能。