2003年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題及答案

　　Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game ” of espionage—spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re�瞞ade pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.

　　The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s E�瞞ail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point�瞐nd�瞔lick spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open�睸ource Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

　　Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence�瞐nalysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy�瞫ervices firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.

　　Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.“ As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign�瞮ps from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open�瞫ource spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.

　　Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military�瞚ntelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back�瞐nd�瞗orthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.

　　王爾德·比爾·多諾萬(wàn)肯定會(huì)喜歡網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這位美國(guó)間諜首腦曾經(jīng)在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間建立了戰(zhàn)略事務(wù)辦公室，后來(lái)又為中央情報(bào)局的成立打下了基礎(chǔ)，他對(duì)情報(bào)情有獨(dú)鐘。多諾萬(wàn)相信，在諜報(bào)職業(yè)這個(gè)“大型游戲”中可以利用任何手段。如今，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)改變了諸如買書、發(fā)郵件這樣的日常消遣，同樣它也正在重塑著多諾汶所從事的這個(gè)職業(yè)。

　　最近的這次變革不僅限于閱讀他人的電子郵件，那種電子間諜活動(dòng)已經(jīng)持續(xù)了數(shù)十年。在過(guò)去的三、四年中，國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生出了一種叫做點(diǎn)擊諜報(bào)的新行當(dāng)。間諜們稱之為“公開(kāi)渠道情報(bào)”。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展，該行業(yè)的影響也日漸壯大。1995年，美國(guó)中央情報(bào)局舉辦了一場(chǎng)競(jìng)賽，看誰(shuí)能夠搜集到關(guān)于“布隆迪”的最多情報(bào)。以極大優(yōu)勢(shì)勝出的是弗吉尼亞的一家名為“公開(kāi)來(lái)源解決方案”的小公司，它的明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)就在于對(duì)電子世界的全面把握。

　　在這個(gè)新領(lǐng)域中最引人注目的是斯特福德公司，它是一家位于德克薩斯州奧斯汀市的私人情報(bào)分析公司。該公司的業(yè)務(wù)是將(覆蓋從智利到俄羅斯等國(guó)家的)情報(bào)銷售給“麥克德莫國(guó)際”之類的能源公司。它的許多分析預(yù)測(cè)都可以從網(wǎng)站www.straitford.com上查閱。

　　該公司的總裁喬治·弗萊德曼說(shuō)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界是一個(gè)收集情報(bào)和發(fā)送情報(bào)的工具，兩者之間還能相互強(qiáng)化，是間諜頭子夢(mèng)寐以求的場(chǎng)所。上周，他的公司正在忙于整理從遙遠(yuǎn)的世界另一角收集的零散信息，并預(yù)測(cè)在烏克蘭將發(fā)生一場(chǎng)危機(jī)�！耙坏┻@個(gè)報(bào)告發(fā)布，我們將收到500個(gè)來(lái)自烏克蘭用戶的申請(qǐng)，”一位前政治科學(xué)教授弗萊德曼說(shuō)，“我們將聽(tīng)到其中一些人的回應(yīng)”。當(dāng)然這種公開(kāi)渠道的諜報(bào)活動(dòng)也有其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)楹茈y區(qū)分信息的真?zhèn)�，而這正是斯特福德公司謀生之所在。

　　弗萊德曼在奧斯汀市僅雇用20個(gè)雇員，其中幾人具有軍事情報(bào)工作背景。他把公司的“局外人”地位視為其成功的關(guān)鍵。斯特福德公司的簡(jiǎn)報(bào)聽(tīng)上去不像華盛頓當(dāng)局的簡(jiǎn)報(bào)那樣含糊其辭，政府機(jī)構(gòu)避免發(fā)布引人注目的言論，以防出錯(cuò)。弗萊德曼說(shuō)，斯特福德公司為其獨(dú)立的聲音而感到自豪。