特別推薦＞＞考試吧－2008年考研最后一月沖刺復(fù)習(xí)攻略專題
沖刺必備＞＞2008考研最后20天沖刺復(fù)習(xí)與核心考點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)專題
第十七天：圖畫作文 功能必背---圖畫作文篇（2745字）
圖畫作文是考研大作文的主要出題類型，考生必須特別重視。目前已經(jīng)到了考研復(fù)習(xí)的收官階段，應(yīng)該從題材、結(jié)構(gòu)、套話等方面加以總結(jié)。
一、題材
大作文所選用的圖畫一般涉及與人們的生活有關(guān)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和問(wèn)題，主要包含下列題材：
1． 教育
2． 職業(yè)道德
3． 身體健康
4． 家庭關(guān)系
5． 環(huán)境保護(hù)
6． 人口增長(zhǎng)
7． 文化交流
按照上述題材，歷年的考題可以分類如下：
1998年：職業(yè)道德；
1999年：人口增長(zhǎng)與環(huán)境保護(hù)；
2000年：環(huán)境保護(hù)；
2001年：教育；
2002年：文化交流；
2003年：教育；
2004年：教育；
2005年：家庭關(guān)系；
2006年：教育；
2007年：教育。
由此可見，涉及一般品德與個(gè)性教育的題材較多。而且，上面的幾大題材通常是考試出題的重要方向。為了考試時(shí)有話可說(shuō)，考生可以根據(jù)上述幾個(gè)題材準(zhǔn)備一些各個(gè)題材常用的核心詞匯。例如，涉及贍養(yǎng)老人的題材時(shí)，可以積累下列表達(dá)法：
support one’s aged parents贍養(yǎng)年邁的父母
betray one’s own conscience違背自己的良知
shirk the responsibility推卸責(zé)任
pay back one’s parents’ love回報(bào)父母的愛
由此可見，根據(jù)題目的提示信息形式審題，按照不同題材準(zhǔn)備核心詞匯，是寫好大作文的重要前提條件。關(guān)于寫作部分的核心詞匯總結(jié)，請(qǐng)關(guān)注后面的模擬練習(xí)部分。
二、結(jié)構(gòu)
大作文的結(jié)構(gòu)也非常重要，考生應(yīng)該對(duì)照評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定自己的強(qiáng)項(xiàng)，在考試時(shí)加以發(fā)揚(yáng)，同時(shí)找出自己的弱項(xiàng)，加以克服。請(qǐng)看兩個(gè)重要的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
20-17分 內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列的各項(xiàng)要求；清楚表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字連貫；句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確，文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。
16-13分 內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列的各項(xiàng)要求；比較清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字基本連貫；句式有一定變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞錯(cuò)誤較少。文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。
簡(jiǎn)而言之，優(yōu)秀的作文應(yīng)該：
1． 包括題目中要求的全部要點(diǎn)；
2． 結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范清晰；
3． 詞匯豐富、句子結(jié)構(gòu)有變化。
當(dāng)然，最基本的要求是不離題，而且字?jǐn)?shù)（160-200詞）符合要求。下面以2006年大作文的一篇高分范文為例說(shuō)明高分作文的特征，考生可以將自己的文章與之對(duì)照，從而對(duì)自己可以提高的地方有直觀的認(rèn)識(shí)。
2006年大作文（關(guān)于崇拜Beckham的）
Directions:
Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should:
1) describe the photos briefly,
2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and
3) give you point of view.
You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)
范文（來(lái)自教育部考試中心資料）
More and more young people are increasingly influenced by foreign culture. As can be clearly seen from the above picture, a young gentleman puts “Beckham” on his face. Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style. It is clear that the picture implies a common phenomenon in our society today: more and more people, especially the young, are endlessly chasing popular things, disregarding the cost that they must pay.
There are at least three good reasons for this phenomenon. In the first place, the spreading of foreign culture in our country in recent years may be the main reason. Secondly, many young people in our modern society have an open mind. Consequently, they are willing to accept new things. Last but not least, a lot of people have become richer and richer. As a result, they can pay for the expense to do that kind of things. There may be other reasons for it, but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable.
As far as I am concerned, the spreading of foreign culture in our society is not a bad thing. But as a popular saying goes, every thing has two sides. This phenomenon is without exception. My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows. On the one hand, people should take a proper attitude toward this phenomenon. On the other hand, our society is expected to appeal to the general public to resist its bad effect. I am sure that my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
本文的得分是18分，因?yàn)樗痉?0-17分的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
1． 包括了問(wèn)題中的三個(gè)要點(diǎn)：
第一段， 描述圖畫；第二段，闡述圖畫含義；第三段，提出建議措施。
2． 結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范清晰
圖畫作文一般寫三段，各段的內(nèi)容分配上面已經(jīng)闡述。這是大的結(jié)構(gòu)安排。本文做到了這一點(diǎn)。具體到各段，還有小結(jié)構(gòu)的安排問(wèn)題。例如，在第一段中，如果涉及的圖畫有兩幅，每幅圖至少用一句話描述。本文就是這么做的：
As can be clearly seen from the above picture, a young gentleman puts “Beckham” on his face. Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style.
在第二段中，一般根據(jù)題目的提綱的提示，要么闡述一段所說(shuō)的現(xiàn)象的原因，通常寫2-3條，要么舉例說(shuō)明圖畫所反映的問(wèn)題。在本文的第二段，考生在首句交代本段要從三個(gè)方面闡述原因：There are at least three good reasons for this phenomenon，接下來(lái)以三個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞提示三個(gè)原因：In the first place…Secondly…Last but not least…。
在最后一段中，考生明確告訴閱卷老師自己提出了建議措施：My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows. On the one hand…On the other hand…。
3．用詞準(zhǔn)確、句子結(jié)構(gòu)有變化
像disregard （第一段末）、cope with（末段中間）與 appeal to（末段倒數(shù)第二句）等詞與詞組的使用表明考生的用詞比較準(zhǔn)確。與此同時(shí)，像被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、形式主語(yǔ)、各種復(fù)合句的使用也說(shuō)明考生的句子結(jié)構(gòu)不單調(diào)。
除了上面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，范文也有一些不足之處，使它被扣掉2分。最嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題是：第二段的三點(diǎn)理由其實(shí)只是兩點(diǎn)，因?yàn)榈诙c(diǎn) “Secondly, many young people in our modern society have an open mind. Consequently, they are willing to accept new things.” 僅僅是對(duì)第一點(diǎn)的具體說(shuō)明，而非與第一點(diǎn)相并列的另一點(diǎn)。
綜上所述，一篇高分大作文既要注意整體結(jié)構(gòu)上的完整與規(guī)范，如包含提綱中的全部要點(diǎn)，又要注意微觀上，即段落內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的完整。
三、套話
臨近考試，不少考生希望背一些模版，或套話，這是可以理解的。寫套話能湊字?jǐn)?shù)，也能使自己的文章在結(jié)構(gòu)上趨近大作文的要求。從這個(gè)意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，可以使用套話，有時(shí)甚至必須使用套話。另一方面，套話過(guò)多，或者說(shuō)全文都是一些空洞無(wú)物、不痛不癢，根本不涉及所考圖畫具體內(nèi)容的套話，最終判分不可能高，甚至?xí)艿�。有鑒于此，我主張用套話提示文章的大結(jié)構(gòu)、段落的小結(jié)構(gòu)，具體內(nèi)容應(yīng)該自己填充。其實(shí)，即算是這樣，套話已經(jīng)不少了。所以考生不要擔(dān)心自己的字?jǐn)?shù)不夠。以前面分析過(guò)的范文（其中明顯的語(yǔ)法與用詞錯(cuò)誤已改正）為例，看看哪些話是可以套用的。
More and more young people are increasingly influenced by foreign culture. As can be clearly seen from the above picture, a young gentleman has put “Beckham” on his face. Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style. It is clear that the picture implies a common phenomenon in our society today: a growing number of people, especially the young, are endlessly chasing popular things, disregarding the cost that they must pay.
There are at least two good reasons for this phenomenon. In the first place, the spreading of foreign culture in our country in recent years may be the main reason. On account of this, many young people in our modern society have an open mind. Consequently, they are willing to accept new things. Secondly, a lot of people have become richer and richer. As a result, they can pay to do those kinds of things. There may be other reasons for it, but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly accepted.
As far as I am concerned, the spreading of foreign culture in our society is not a bad thing. But as a popular saying goes, everything has two sides. This phenomenon is no exception. My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows. On the one hand, people should take a proper attitude toward this phenomenon. On the other hand, our society is expected to appeal to the general public to resist its bad effect. I am sure that my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
范文中的粗體部分稍做變更，是可以套用于任何圖畫作文的。光是這些句子就接近70詞。考試時(shí)如果寫160詞，就只需自己寫90詞了。如果對(duì)自己的寫作很沒有把握，上文可以套用的句子更多。例如，第二段末的 “There may be other reasons for it, but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly accepted.”。
與套話有關(guān)的是對(duì)功能段落的背誦和模仿。所謂功能段落，簡(jiǎn)而言之，就是用于完成一個(gè)要點(diǎn)的表述的段落。以圖畫作文而言，通常包括三個(gè)要點(diǎn)，那么它就包含三個(gè)功能段落：圖畫描述段、意義闡釋段與建議措施段。請(qǐng)大家從上面的范文中體會(huì)這三種功能段落。如果想進(jìn)一步了解和模仿圖畫作文的功能段落，可以參考胡敏老師編著的《2008年考研英語(yǔ)高分作文》。
因此，套話可以用，但不能通篇都是套話。它們主要用于提示文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，圖畫的具體內(nèi)容與含義應(yīng)該用自己的話進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)練準(zhǔn)確的敘述，這里的敘述也是最能顯示你的寫作水平的地方，不妨獨(dú)運(yùn)匠心。
今天的結(jié)束語(yǔ)是：Let us explore the patterns in life（讓我們探索生活中的模式吧）。
相關(guān)鏈接：考研英語(yǔ)詞匯歷年真題詞頻總結(jié)（≥10次）
寫作必備：文都教育：2008年考研英語(yǔ)寫作終極預(yù)測(cè)總匯
考研英語(yǔ)寫作必備：294句熱點(diǎn)話題亮點(diǎn)詞句
文都教育：2008考研英語(yǔ)寫作30篇經(jīng)典黃金范文
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