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一、 非謂語動詞
近幾年的語法測試中非謂語動詞約占31.1%，平均每年近5道題，可謂是語法項(xiàng)目考查的重點(diǎn)，那么非謂語動詞的考查都有哪些特點(diǎn)，解答時又應(yīng)注意些什么呢?下面我和大家就一起來分析一下：
1、非謂語動詞考查特點(diǎn)
1) 謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的判斷
對謂語動詞與非謂語動詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四個選項(xiàng)中有三個是謂語動詞，只有D是非謂語動詞，只要同學(xué)們能判斷出這里是非謂語動詞做狀語，則不用考慮時態(tài)的問題，答案自明。
2) 謂語動詞后不定式與動名詞的選擇
謂語動詞后接不定式還是接動名詞也是四級語法測試中的一個題眼。如：
�、� I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
(2000.1)
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
�、� Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have
got in.(1996.1)
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut(1997.6)
這類題涉及三個方面：
謂語動詞后應(yīng)該接不定式還是動名詞?
即可接不定式又可接動名詞時，結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上有何差別?
不定式與動名詞用主動形式還是用被動形式?
3) 做定語的非謂語動詞的選擇
從近幾年的考查情況來看，對做定語的非謂語動詞的考查有兩種情況：
(1)對一般概念的考查，而不是固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語動詞做定語。如：
�、� The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(1999.6)
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
�、� If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor
and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.(1996.6)
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同學(xué)們只要掌握非謂語動詞做定語的一般的規(guī)律,就可以判斷①題答案為C，②題答案為D。
(2)對固定結(jié)構(gòu)的考查，如：
�、� The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his
arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
�、� The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it
also puts them under a constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing
C. to be competed D. having competed
�、兕}為不定式做定語的固定形式，答案為D，②題為某些特定名詞的定語結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為A。在英語中有些名詞，如動詞變來的名詞，形容詞變來的名詞，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定語，不定式?jīng)]有體的變化。
4) 做狀語的非謂語動詞的選擇
做狀語的非謂語動詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇，如：
① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6)
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed
�、� _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.(1995.1)
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
�、� Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.(1995.1)
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
�、� ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1)
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
從以上各題來看，考查的側(cè)重點(diǎn)有：
(1)狀語類別的判斷
不同的狀語對非謂語動詞的要求不同，目的狀語要求用不定式，如②。
(2)非謂語動詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關(guān)系
根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系的不同來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞。
(3)非謂語動詞的否定形式
not否定非謂語動詞時置于非謂語動詞之前，如③。
(4) 獨(dú)立成分
有些非謂語動詞的使用不受與句子主語關(guān)系的限制，稱為獨(dú)立成分，這類成 分只記憶即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動詞的選擇
做賓語補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動詞受謂語動詞的限制，不同動詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語形式要求不同。近幾年對各類賓補(bǔ)都有考查。如：
�、� They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.(1998.1)
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory
dispute ______.(1998.6)
A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled
�、� You will see this product ____ wherever you go.(2000.6)
A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising
④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
�、� When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.(1997.1)
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the
audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.(2000.1)
A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated
考查涉及到
感官動詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語，如③。
have, make, let, leave等特殊單詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
regard類后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語
with獨(dú)立分句后面的
常用動詞后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
6) 做表語的非謂語動詞的選擇
表語的考查多側(cè)重于分詞做表語形式的選擇，很少有動名詞的用法的考查，雖然選項(xiàng)中有不定式作為干擾項(xiàng)，只要能看出是做表語的也就不用考慮。如：
�、� The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the
mountain.(1999.6)
A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated
�、� These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.(2000.6)
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded
分詞做表語可以做系動詞be的表語，也可以做其它系動詞的表語，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。這些系動詞后非謂語動詞的餓用法規(guī)則是相同的。
7) to作為介詞與作為不定式符號的選擇
to可以是介詞，也可以用來引導(dǎo)不定式，四級考試中對種類用法的考查也比較多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
�、� The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.(1996.6)
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager
of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
這類考題的考查方式有兩種，一是四個選項(xiàng)中有兩個相對的選項(xiàng)to do something 和 to doing something，這時考查的自然是to的性質(zhì);另一種是to在題干中，如③。
8) 分詞前連詞的使用
分詞前連詞的使用是為了使分詞的作用更加明了，使考生更加準(zhǔn)確地理解試題�？疾橛袃煞N情況
(1)根據(jù)連詞選擇適當(dāng)?shù)姆衷~形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1)
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
when的使用說明非謂語動詞做時間狀語，答案不可能是B，從scold與句子主語間的邏輯關(guān)系來看，應(yīng)該是動賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是D。
(2)根據(jù)狀語的功能選擇不同的連詞
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of
patient do not take drugs ___ directed.(1996.1)
A. like B. so C. which D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出，分詞所做的是方式狀語，連詞應(yīng)該是as。
9) 非謂語動詞的體
非謂語動詞中分詞的體有完成體和進(jìn)行體，即having done, having been done和being done，完成體只用于做狀語的場合，而進(jìn)行體可以用于做定語和做補(bǔ)足語。
動名詞的體也有having done, having been done和 being done的結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于做主語和賓語的場合。
不定式的體有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介詞賓語，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。
�、� I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse
從all the time的使用可以推斷get worse是一個漸變過程，所以用不定式的進(jìn)行體。
�、� The speech _____ a lively discussion started.(1995.1)
A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered
該結(jié)構(gòu)屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做時間狀語，狀語分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，所以應(yīng)該用完成體，答案為D
10)動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動名詞符合結(jié)構(gòu)可以做主語、賓語和表語，在對動名詞的考查中總是將其邏輯主語包括進(jìn)來，形成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：
�、� _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents
wished for.(1999.1)
A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated
C. The girl's being educated D. The girl to be educated
本題涉及題眼比較多，A，為從句做主語，但缺少that，D為不定式做主語，但缺少for(for the girl to be educated)，B結(jié)構(gòu)不能做主語，答案是C，為動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
�、� Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.
A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance
C. there be a chance D. being a chance
介詞后用動名詞，表示存在時必須用there be句型，所以答案為A，這也是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，there為動名詞的邏輯主語。
�、� I don't mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. you delaying to make D. you delay to make (2000.1)
Mind要求接動名詞,動名詞的邏輯主語用形容詞性物主代詞，答案自然是B。
�、� I would appreciate _____ it a secret.(1995.6)
A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep
本題與上一題類似，答案是A。
2.非謂語動詞解題策略
1)正確判斷非謂語動詞
這類題一般出現(xiàn)在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果在選項(xiàng)與句子之間沒有連詞，則說明，所選為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，既名詞或主格代詞 + 分詞。
All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered (1998.6)
句子沒有連詞，說明所選結(jié)構(gòu)不屬于從句，那么就是獨(dú)立主格做狀語，根據(jù)動詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系為動賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是A。
____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6)
A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal
做狀語的可以是從句，但B的結(jié)構(gòu)是虛擬條件，與這里不符，不表目的，C不對，不表將來，獨(dú)立主格中非謂語動詞不能是不定式，答案為A。
4) 判斷動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的方式
主語位置上，或動詞、介詞后的"名詞代詞 + 非謂語動詞"，如果表示的是一個事件則是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是"名詞 + 定語。請看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left B. being left C. leaving D . be left
insist on后不接從句，D可以排除。這里表達(dá)的是堅持要求"開著窗子睡覺"，所以應(yīng)該是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為B。
The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked
做主語的表示上班遲到的原因，自然應(yīng)該是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被堵的道路"，所以還是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為D。
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted
消息表達(dá)的應(yīng)該是個事件，說明不是"被錄取的孩子"，介詞of后不可能接從句，說明of后為動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案是C。
3) 注意分析非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系
正確判斷非謂語動詞與起邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系是正確選擇非謂語動詞形式的保證，不管是做什么成分的非謂語動詞都體現(xiàn)以下特點(diǎn)：
如果非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間是主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞;
如果非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間是動賓關(guān)系，則用過去分詞;
如果表示將來，則用動詞不定式。
這是非謂語動詞運(yùn)用的基本原則，然后再根據(jù)其不同的作用，掌握其更細(xì)的規(guī)則。如：
(1)做定語時
做定語的可以是動名詞、分詞或不定式。動名詞做前置定語，所構(gòu)成的大多為固定短語，四級考試一般不涉及。主要考查分詞和不定式做定語。分詞或不定式做定語一般做后置定語。
�、� The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1)
A. done B. be done C. having done D. to have been done
�、� As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households
or more.(1998.1)
A. having B. to have C. to have had D. having had
④ Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists.
A. invited B. were invited C. inviting D. to invite
做定語的非謂語動詞有一下幾種形式：
"doing 結(jié)構(gòu)":分詞與中心詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,表示正在進(jìn)行,或狀態(tài)。如③
"being done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與中心詞之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示被動和正在進(jìn)行，如：No one is to enter the building being repaired.
"to be done結(jié)構(gòu)"：不定式與中心詞之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示將來和被動，如①。
"done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與中心詞之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示被動、完成或一般，如②④。
"to do結(jié)構(gòu)"：不定式與中心詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示將來。如：The professor to give us a speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works.
完成形式不能做定語，包括分詞的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。
(2)做狀語
做狀語的可以是不定式，也可以是分詞。大體結(jié)構(gòu)有：
"doing 結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與句子主語為主謂關(guān)系，表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或基本上同時發(fā)生，或是同時存在的狀態(tài)。如：
______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed
"done結(jié)構(gòu)"：只要分詞與句子主語間是動賓關(guān)系就可以用過去分詞，可以表示完成，可以表示正在進(jìn)行，也可以表示條件。如：
_______ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A. Too look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at (2000.1)
He came in, followed by a group of reporters.
"having done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與句子主語是主謂關(guān)系，切發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。Having seen the film already, I declined his invitation to go to the cinema.
"having been done結(jié)構(gòu)"：該結(jié)構(gòu)表示完成被動，即分詞與句子主語之間是動賓關(guān)系，切發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。如：Having been showed many times, he still didn't understand the operation of the machine.
"to do 結(jié)構(gòu)"：這是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中可以做目的狀語，也可以做結(jié)果狀語，但不定式動作總是發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后。如：
_______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
表結(jié)果時一般為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如too …to…, enough to….，或是表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，�？杉訕�(gòu)成only to的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herself in hospital.
"being done結(jié)構(gòu)"：該結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動與正在進(jìn)行，一般置于句首，表示原因。如：Being chased by some spies, he hid himself in the grass.
(2)做表語
測試中對表語的考查主要側(cè)重在現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別上，所以對于做表語的非謂語動詞，主要看分詞與句子主語之間的關(guān)系。做表語的分詞一般只有doing和done兩種形式�，F(xiàn)在分詞表示做表語的與主語是主謂關(guān)系;過去分詞表示做表語的與主語之間是動賓關(guān)系。根據(jù)使用規(guī)律，如果主語是無生命名詞，則表語分詞為現(xiàn)在分詞;如果主語是有生命名詞，以過去分詞居多，但也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞，但意思不同。如：
How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望)
How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election. (他令人失望)
可接表語的系動詞很多，除be外還有remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。
(3)做補(bǔ)足語
一般做賓補(bǔ)的非謂語動詞動詞的形式選擇與其它成分中的非謂語動詞形式選擇規(guī)則基本相同。 doing結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞與賓語構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，表正在進(jìn)行。
When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and
started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
done結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞與賓語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，表示被動與完成。
Don't get your schedule _____;stay with us in this class.(1996.1)
A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change
to do 結(jié)構(gòu)：不定式表示將來，如wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebody to do等等。
being done結(jié)構(gòu)：表示被動和正在進(jìn)行, watch the flag being raised
Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe
until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.(2000.1)
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated
C. having cultivated D. cultivating
to be done結(jié)構(gòu)：用語表示將來與被動，一般用語主謂關(guān)系時可用to做賓補(bǔ)的動詞后，如：want something to be done, order something to be done 完成形式不能做賓補(bǔ)。
4) 注意分析非謂語動詞做什么狀語
不同的狀語對非謂語動詞的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定式，另外，測試中也常有選擇非謂語動詞前連詞的試題。因此，同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意根據(jù)狀語與句子間的關(guān)系，判斷連詞的使用。
5) 注意不定式的特殊句式
不定式在做定語和做狀語時都有其特殊句式，注意這些句式的特點(diǎn)，考試中就會少走一點(diǎn)彎路。如：
have something to do類：
這類結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于漢語的連動結(jié)構(gòu)，即"有事要做"，"買東西吃"，"借書看"等。
a room in which to live類：
該類結(jié)構(gòu)是a room to live in 的變體。但如果不熟悉這個結(jié)構(gòu)，考試中則難以決斷。如：
You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent.(1998.1)
A. there B. them C. which D. where
The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base
the first to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示如果名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞、最高級本身做名詞用，其后應(yīng)不定式做定語。
the ability to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示，形容詞變了的名詞后用不定式做定語。
the need to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示由動詞變來的名詞后用不定式做定語。
the way to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示，在一些特定的名詞后面常用不定式做定語，應(yīng)注意記憶，如means, reason, time, pressure, moment
6) 熟記固定搭配，分清不定式與to加動名詞
其實(shí)容易產(chǎn)生不定式符號與介詞混淆的只是為數(shù)不多的某些句式，只要平時注意積累即可。
prefer doing something to doing something
look forward to doing something
be used to doing something (習(xí)慣于做某事)
stick to doing something
object to doing something/ have objection to doing something
be opposed to doing something
admit/confess to doing something
I have no objection _____ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
從出題人的心理來看，如果有to do something和 to doing something的對比項(xiàng)，一般答案是to doing something。
7) 分清賓補(bǔ)的類別
(1)感官動詞后的賓補(bǔ)可以是
doing, do, done, being done的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中being done 只用于少數(shù)動詞后面， 如find, smell, feel等。
(2)have somebody do something 讓某人做某事
have somebody doing something 讓某人一直做某事
won't have somebody do something 不許某人做某事
have something done 使某事被做
have something + ving 讓……一直……
(3)catch,smell,keep,set,等只能接doing的結(jié)構(gòu),表示主動和正在進(jìn)行。
(4)leave somebody doing something 讓某人一直做某事
leave something undone 使某事只做了一半
leave something to be done 事情有待于解決
leave somebody to do something讓某事做某事，表示將來
(5)with somebody to do something賓補(bǔ)與賓語是主謂關(guān)系，表示將來。
with somebody doing something 賓補(bǔ)與賓語之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示正在進(jìn)行。
with something to do 賓補(bǔ)與賓語間是動賓關(guān)系，表示將來，動作執(zhí)行者在句中找的著。
with something to be done賓補(bǔ)與賓語是動賓關(guān)系，表示將來，但動作執(zhí)行者在句中找不著。
with something done 賓補(bǔ)與賓語之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示完成。
8) 注意下列結(jié)構(gòu)中非謂語動詞的體
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something
不定式動作一般為狀態(tài)動詞，也可是終止性動詞，表示與謂語動詞同時存在或發(fā)生。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something
不定式動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something
不定式動作與謂語動詞同時進(jìn)行
9)熟記哪些動詞后接不定式,哪些接動名詞,如果兩者都可，又有什么差別。
既可接不定式,又可接動名詞,用法有別的動詞�？嫉挠�: forget,remember, regret, mean, try等。
10)注意want/need/require表示"需要"時的特殊句式
want/need/require表"需要"時，后接主動的動名詞或被動的不定式，即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。
二、 比較級
1. Test Yourself
在我們分析比較級的測試特點(diǎn)探討其應(yīng)對策略之前,讓我們首先看以下幾題。
1) Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and information.(1995.6)
A. are the most three common means
B. are the most common three means
C. are the three most common means
D. are three the most common means
2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ________ would be getting sick.(1998.1)
A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us
C. a lot of us more C. a lot more of us
3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.(1999.1)
A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as
4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.(1998.6)
A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice
C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much
5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.
A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely
6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.(1995.1)
A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost
7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.(1995.1)
A. and B. than C. as D. but
8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.(1995.1)
A. to be paid more than a month late
B. to be paid later than more a month
C. to pay later than a month more
D. to pay late more than a month
9) It is reported that ________adopted children went to know who their natural parents are.(1997.1)
A. the most B. most of C. most D. the most of
10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.(1997.1)
A. almost more than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as
參考答案：
1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B
2. 比較級測試特點(diǎn)
在四級測試中，比較級屬低檔題，比較簡單，考查范圍大體有
1)比較級形式的判斷
比較級考題在設(shè)計干擾項(xiàng)時一般都會有比較與非比較的選擇，more than 與as/so …as的選擇。如上面的③，⑤。
2)比較級的修飾語
比較級的修飾語包括修飾語的結(jié)構(gòu)和修飾語的選用。
結(jié)構(gòu)指比較級修飾語須置于比較級之前，如①，②和④。
修飾語的選用根據(jù)其所表達(dá)的意思而定，如⑥，⑩。
3)比較級結(jié)構(gòu)與其它結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
如⑧中形容詞修飾語more than a month與比較級結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別，⑨中most 與the most的區(qū)別。
3. 比較級應(yīng)對策略
1)如果選項(xiàng)中有比較級結(jié)構(gòu)，則該題則為比較級考查題，可根據(jù)比較級使用規(guī)則選擇正確答案。
2)比較級修飾語應(yīng)注意more than 或as…as結(jié)構(gòu)之前。
3)注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性，要么是more than 結(jié)構(gòu)，要么是as/so …as 結(jié)構(gòu)，或是the more …., the more ….的句型。
4)注意結(jié)構(gòu)的各種變體：
結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)名詞時的結(jié)構(gòu)可以是as old a car, as many /much/few/little …as。
5)如果有比較 對象的選擇應(yīng)注意比較對象的一致性和互不包容性。如：
His English is better than anyone else's in his class.
二、 比較級
1. Test Yourself
在我們分析比較級的測試特點(diǎn)探討其應(yīng)對策略之前,讓我們首先看以下幾題。
1) Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and information.(1995.6)
A. are the most three common means
B. are the most common three means
C. are the three most common means
D. are three the most common means
2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ________ would be getting sick.(1998.1)
A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us
C. a lot of us more C. a lot more of us
3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.(1999.1)
A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as
4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.(1998.6)
A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice
C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much
5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.
A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely
6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.(1995.1)
A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost
7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.(1995.1)
A. and B. than C. as D. but
8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.(1995.1)
A. to be paid more than a month late
B. to be paid later than more a month
C. to pay later than a month more
D. to pay late more than a month
9) It is reported that ________adopted children went to know who their natural parents are.(1997.1)
A. the most B. most of C. most D. the most of
10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.(1997.1)
A. almost more than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as
參考答案：
1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B
2. 比較級測試特點(diǎn)
在四級測試中，比較級屬低檔題，比較簡單，考查范圍大體有
1)比較級形式的判斷
比較級考題在設(shè)計干擾項(xiàng)時一般都會有比較與非比較的選擇，more than 與as/so …as的選擇。如上面的③，⑤。
2)比較級的修飾語
比較級的修飾語包括修飾語的結(jié)構(gòu)和修飾語的選用。
結(jié)構(gòu)指比較級修飾語須置于比較級之前，如①，②和④。
修飾語的選用根據(jù)其所表達(dá)的意思而定，如⑥，⑩。
3)比較級結(jié)構(gòu)與其它結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
如⑧中形容詞修飾語more than a month與比較級結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別，⑨中most 與the most的區(qū)別。
3. 比較級應(yīng)對策略
1)如果選項(xiàng)中有比較級結(jié)構(gòu)，則該題則為比較級考查題，可根據(jù)比較級使用規(guī)則選擇正確答案。
2)比較級修飾語應(yīng)注意more than 或as…as結(jié)構(gòu)之前。
3)注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性，要么是more than 結(jié)構(gòu)，要么是as/so …as 結(jié)構(gòu)，或是the more …., the more ….的句型。
4)注意結(jié)構(gòu)的各種變體：
結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)名詞時的結(jié)構(gòu)可以是as old a car, as many /much/few/little …as。
5)如果有比較 對象的選擇應(yīng)注意比較對象的一致性和互不包容性。如：
His English is better than anyone else's in his class.
三、 情態(tài)動詞
1. Test Yourself
首先讓我們分析以下近幾年情態(tài)動詞的考題：
1) This box is too heavy, _________give me a hand?(1998.1)
A .would you mind B. would you please C. will you like to D. will you please to
2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night , no matter what we ____ during the day.(1999.1)
A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done
3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you____ it.(1998.6)
A. mustn't have done B. wouldn't have done C. mightn't have done D. didn't have to do
4) If you don't like to swim, you ___ stay at home.(1995.1)
A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well
5) You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.(2000.6)
A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following
6) You ___her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for
two weeks.(19996.1)
A. needn't have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can't have seen
7) The room is in a terrible mess; it ____ cleaned.(1996.6)
A. can't have been B. shouldn't have been C. mustn't have been D. wouldn't have been
參考答案
1) B 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) A
2.情態(tài)動詞的測試要點(diǎn)
從以上例題可以看出，四級語法對情態(tài)動詞的測試大體有以下幾點(diǎn)。
1)情態(tài)動詞的基本用法，如①④⑤。
2)情態(tài)動詞 + 動詞的完成形式的用法，如③⑥。
3)情態(tài)動詞的推測性用法⑦。
3. 情態(tài)動詞的應(yīng)對策略
情態(tài)動詞的使用主要根據(jù)其所表達(dá)的含義。解題時注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1)情態(tài)動詞自身結(jié)構(gòu)要正確
結(jié)構(gòu)包括情態(tài)動詞自身的搭配和其后的連帶成分。除ought外情態(tài)動詞后接原形動詞，測試中常將不同結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞置于一起設(shè)干擾項(xiàng)，如①。四個選項(xiàng)都與請求有關(guān)，但would you mind后接動名詞，一般說would you like to而不是will you like to，will you please后用原形動詞，答案是would you please?
2)注意情態(tài)動詞推測性用法中各個情態(tài)動詞使用的句型是否與題干句型一致。
在情態(tài)動詞的推測性用法中，must, can, may, might, could各用于不同的句型，應(yīng)注意分辨。具體使用規(guī)律為：
must只用于肯定句中。
can/could不能用語肯定句中。
may/might不能用語疑問句中。
另外還應(yīng)注意can't表示"不可能"，may not表示"可能不"。
考試時，如果有原因說明自己的猜測，一般應(yīng)該must, can't用而不是may, may not。如：
He can't have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person.
Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited.
3) 注意推測性用法中謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間。
如果推測的為過去的事情，情態(tài)動詞后則用完成形式。
There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone.
如果推測的是正在進(jìn)行的事情，情態(tài)動詞后則用動詞的進(jìn)行形式。
They must be talking about something very secret.
如果推測的是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)等，情態(tài)動詞后則用原形動詞
He must be badly ill. He looks so pale.
如果推測的是將來發(fā)生的事情，情態(tài)動詞后同樣用原形動詞，這時，情態(tài)動詞只能是may/might。
There may be a terrible storm in the following few days.
4) 注意"情態(tài)動詞+動詞的完成形式"所表達(dá)的意思與題干意思是否相符。
其它"情態(tài)動詞+ 動詞的完成形式"并不表示推測，而分別表示：
could have done本來能夠
He didn't take part in the competition, he _______ though.
A. won B. didn't win C. could win D. could have won
needn't have done 本來沒不要
You ________. There was plenty of time.
A. needn't hurry B. can't hurry
C. mustn't have hurried D. needn't have hurried
should/ought to have done 本來應(yīng)該
You _______ me earlier. I could have helped you.
A. should tell me B. should have told
C. need to tell D. needn't have told
shouldn't/oughtn't to have done 本來不應(yīng)該
You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow (2000.6)
C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following
might have done 本來應(yīng)該(用來表示一種責(zé)備)
You ______ even though you were busy at that time.
A. might help him B. must have helped him
C. might have helped him D. should help him
這類題在設(shè)計干擾項(xiàng)時，一般都會有情態(tài)動詞推測性用法的涉及，同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意分詞上下文的邏輯和語意關(guān)系。
5) 注意常用情態(tài)動詞的基本句法和表意功能
其它常用動詞的用法，如shall表示"命令"、"威脅"、"許諾"或征求許可，may/might as well等，同學(xué)們都應(yīng)多多注意其用法。
四、 倒裝
倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)也是比較常見的一種句式，但考查的分量不大，考試都有哪些特點(diǎn)，如何應(yīng)對，首先讓我們一起來看一下近幾年的考題。
1.Test Yourself.
1) I could not persuade him to accept it, ___ make him see the
importance of it.(19995.1)
A. if only I could not B. no more than I could
C. or I could not D. nor could I
2) Not until the game had begun ______at the sports ground.(2000.6)
A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived
C. did he arrive C. should he have arrived
3) The organization had broken no rules, but _____ had it acted
responsibly.(19996.1)
A. neither B. so C. either D. both
4) We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone
in the office for personal affairs.(1999.6)
A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use
5) Only under special circumstances _____to take make-up tests.(1997.6)
A. are freshmen permitted B. freshmen are permitted
C. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen
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