2013中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師招聘基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)資料1

　　第一篇 詞法

　　一、 名詞

　　(一) 知識(shí)概要

　　名詞的概念在不同的語(yǔ)法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法，但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把 它分為兩大類：專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義，專有名詞是指：個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱，如，the Great Wall， America…它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞中則包括個(gè)體名詞，如pen, worker…它表示單一的個(gè)體人或事物;集體名詞，如：family,class， team,它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體;物質(zhì)名詞，如：water,paper…它表示的是一種物質(zhì)，原材料;而后一種是抽象名詞， 如:work, time…它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見、摸不到，但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。

　　名詞一覽表

　　種類

　　專有名詞

　　London, John, the Communist Party of China

　　普 通 名 詞 類名詞 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table

　　集體名詞 class, family, army, police, team, people

　　物質(zhì)名詞 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand

　　抽象名詞 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest

　　功用

　　主語(yǔ) My family is now in New York.

　　表語(yǔ) His father is a scientist.

　　賓語(yǔ) We love our great motherland.

　　賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) He made London the base for his work.

　　定語(yǔ) The girls are making paper flowesrs.

　　狀語(yǔ) The car cost him 1000 dollars.

　　同位語(yǔ) Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.

　　名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù)，即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算，所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、 抽象名詞等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work…可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名詞，所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩 種�？蓴�(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是：

　　1. 一般情況加s,如：pen—pens, doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀[s]，在元音和濁輔音后讀[z]。如:map—map ， boy—boys.

　　2. 在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es，如：bus—buses,class—classes,其讀音為[iz]。

　　3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，其讀音為[iz]。

　　4. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，要將y變?yōu)閕再加es，讀作[z]，如：factory—factories,country—countries, family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如:boy—boys,day—days。

　　5. 以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞，縮寫詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s，如：tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos

　　6. 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es，如：knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs。

　　7. 不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的，它沒有規(guī)律可循，如:man—men,woman—women, child—children, foot—feet,tooth—teeth, mouse—mice

　　8. 單復(fù)同形的名詞有：fish, sheep,deer…

　　9. 單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等。　名詞還有格的變化，其主格可作主語(yǔ)，賓格可作賓語(yǔ)。還有所有格，用來表示人或物的所有， 以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加's其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s'，如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加's，如：a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國(guó)家……名詞的所有格要用's，如：a twenty minutes' walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers

　　(二) 正誤辨析

　　[誤]Please give me a paper.

　　[正]Please give me a piece of paper.

　　[析]不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞，這種原因是對(duì)英語(yǔ)中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了，所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤，因 paper在英語(yǔ)中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類，是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí)，要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá)，如：two pieces of paper.

　　[誤]Please give me two letter papers.

　　[正]Please give me two pieces of letter paper.

　　[析]paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞，而作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.

　　[誤]My glasses is broken.

　　[正]My glasses are broken.

　　[誤]I want to buy two shoes.

　　[正]I want to buy two pairs of shoes.

　　[析]英語(yǔ)中g(shù)lasses—眼鏡，shoes—鞋，trousers—褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用a pair of glasses而這時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.

　　[誤]May I borrow two radioes?

　　[正]May I borrow two radios?

　　[析]以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語(yǔ)時(shí)則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.

　　[誤]This is a Mary's dictionary.

　　[正]This is Mary's dictionary.

　　[析]如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our,some, every, which, 或所有格時(shí)，則不要再加冠詞。

　　[誤]There are much people in the garden.

　　[正]There are many people in the garden.

　　[析]可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many, few, a few, a lot of 來修飾，而people是可數(shù)名詞，而且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：The people are planting trees here.

　　[誤]I want a few water.

　　[正]I want a little water.

　　[析]不可數(shù)名詞前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some來修飾，但不可用many,few來修飾。

　　[誤]Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.

　　[正]Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.

　　[誤]Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us.

　　[正]Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us.

　　[誤]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me.

　　[正]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me.

　　[析]集合名詞如果指某個(gè)集合的整體，則應(yīng)視為單數(shù)，如指某個(gè)集合體中的個(gè)體則應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有：family class, team等。

　　[誤]Don't eat too much meats.

　　[正]Don't eat too much meat.

　　[誤]Food in that restaurant is very good.

　　[正]The food in that restaurant is very good.

　　[析]物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，在使用中不可以加s，即它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時(shí)可以加定冠詞。如：I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.

　　[誤]Please give me two waters.

　　[正]Please give me two glasses of water.

　　[正]Please give me two coffees.

　　[析]物質(zhì)名詞如要加計(jì)量時(shí)，一定要加量詞，　如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,

　　a piece of bread,a box of sugar,

　　a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,

　　a bag of earth

　　例： I'll tell you a piece of good news.

　　但只有coffee可以用coffees來取代many cups of coffee.

　　[誤]Can you give me the newspaper of today?

　　[正]Can you give me today's newspaper?

　　[析]加's構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair，但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對(duì)時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用's來構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如：a five minutes' walk.

　　[誤]Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.

　　[正]Please make room for the lady in the school bus.

　　[析]英語(yǔ)中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的，

　　如： room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”，如：I live in Room 5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請(qǐng)給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方。”這樣的詞還有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡stone 石頭a stone 一塊石頭time 時(shí)間two times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林

　　[誤]There is a flowers garden behind my house.

　　[正]There is a flower garden behind my house.

　　[析]名詞除了在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)外，還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞，這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式，如：shoe factory (鞋廠),post office(郵局),evening paper (晚報(bào)),night school (夜校),head master (校長(zhǎng)),a law school (法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(貨車),sports meeting (運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))。

　　[誤]My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.

　　[正]My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.

　　[析]英語(yǔ)中有些名詞單復(fù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中國(guó)人), means (方法)。所以應(yīng)講one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果講There are five fishes in the pool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。

　　[誤]Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.

　　[正]Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.

　　[析]英語(yǔ)中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服，而cloth則是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙灘。

　　[誤]I offered my son my congratulation on his success.

　　[正]I offered my son my congratulations on his success.

　　[析]英語(yǔ)中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式，但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shake hands.

　　[誤]We have five German in this meeting.

　　[正]We have five Germans in this meeting.

　　[析]英國(guó)人Englishman的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Englishmen，而German 則要加s，因?yàn)樗�不是由�?guó)名與man的組合詞。

　　[誤]There are two As in this word.

　　[正]There are two A's in this word.

　　[析]在大寫字母縮寫形式的復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)法中應(yīng)加s，但如字母是A、I時(shí)，為了防止與As和Is相混，則要用's即A's，I's

　　[誤]There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.

　　[正]There are three 6's and two 3's in my telephone number.

　　[析]在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)法中要用's

　　[誤]We have many woman teachers in our school.

　　[正]We have many women teachers in our school.

　　[析]一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)如：

　　half brother—half brothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughter in law—daughtersin law,(兒媳)但要注意的是：man driver—men drivers(男司機(jī)) woman doctor—women doctors(女大夫)grown up—grown ups(成年人) 但是boy student—?jiǎng)t變?yōu)閎oy students

　　[誤]Physics are very difficult to learn.

　　[正]Physics is very difficult to learn.

　　[析]雖以s結(jié)尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有：科學(xué)，學(xué)科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戲名稱：bowls 專有名稱：Niagara Falls(尼亞加拉瀑布) 其他名詞：news(消息，新聞)

　　[誤]There is a people in the room.

　　[正]There is a person in the room.

　　[正]There is a man in the room.

　　[析]people是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不可用作單數(shù)，如要用來講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用a person, a man, a woman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用a policeman, a policewoman。

　　[誤]Where is my shoe?

　　[正]Where are my shoes?

　　[析]常常只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞有trousers, pants, shorts(短褲)，socks(襪子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明，這時(shí)還是應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：Where's my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)

　　[誤]I paid five pennies for the sweet.

　　[正]I paid five pence for the sweet.

　　[析]英語(yǔ)中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣)。

　　[誤]There are many fruit in the shop.

　　[正]There are many fruits in the shop.

　　[析]物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞，這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。

　　[誤]There is a new car. It is Jone's and Mary's.

　　[正]There is a new car. It is Jone and Mary's.

　　[析]有生命名詞的所有格，如果是單數(shù)名詞則加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾，則只加’s，如：children's palace 組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加's如：girl friend —girl friend's someone else—someone else's a week or three—a week or three's如名詞后有同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，則應(yīng)加在同位語(yǔ)的詞尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí)，如表示歸兩人共同所有，則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加's，如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone 的家。

　　[誤]It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.

　　[正]It is really beautiful. It is a Nature's work.

　　[析]無生命名詞的所有格應(yīng)用of結(jié)構(gòu)。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞：表示時(shí)間的詞：today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示長(zhǎng)度的詞：three metres' distance, a boat's length， twenty miles' journey 表示重量的名詞：two pounds' weight價(jià)格名詞：two dollars'worth擬人化的名詞：Nature's work, nature's lesson(大自然的教訓(xùn))及國(guó)家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞：the university's library

　　[誤]He is an old friend of my father.

　　[正]He is an old friend of my father's.

　　[析]這是英語(yǔ)中的一種習(xí)慣用法而不要根據(jù)語(yǔ)法去推理。如：This pen is Tom's.

　　[誤]My father is a good cooker.

　　[正]My father is a good cook.

　　[析]一般動(dòng)詞加上er后則轉(zhuǎn)意為執(zhí)行該動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如:teach(教)—teacher(老師),think(想)—thinker(思想 家),drive(開車)—driver(司機(jī)),sell(賣)—seller(賣物者)……但不能總是以此類推，比如cook是動(dòng)詞“做飯”。而 cook也可作為名詞“廚師”講，而cooker則為廚具，餐具，即鍋、碗、勺等做飯用具。

　　[誤]The young is dancing there.

　　[正]The young are dancing there.

　　[析]英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：the rich 富人，the poor(窮人),the wise 聰明人，但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞，如：The beautiful is still here.美麗的風(fēng)景依舊。

　　[誤]The stories of the book was written many years ago.

　　[正]The stories of the book were written many years ago.

　　[析]這句話的真正主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是stories，所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

　　[誤]This is one of the English�睠hinese dictionary.

　　[正]This is one of the English�睠hinese dictionaries.

　　[析]one of意為“……之一”，of后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

　　[誤]Let's go to uncle Wang for supper.

　　[正]Let's go to uncle Wang's for supper.

　　[析]uncle Wang's 意為“王叔叔家”，doctor's意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。

　　[誤]I think we will make a friend with each other.

　　[正]I think we will make friends with each other.

　　[析]make friends 為習(xí)慣用法，即交朋友。

　　[誤]I want to tell you much pieces of good news.

　　[正]I want to tell you many pieces of good news.

　　[析]news為不可數(shù)名詞，但加了量詞之后則要用many來修飾量詞，因量詞是可數(shù)名詞，或可以說I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前，也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.

　　[誤]The teacher with five students are coming here.

　　[正]The teacher with five students is coming here.

　　[析]要注意由with引出的介詞短語(yǔ)不是本句的主語(yǔ)，這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 這里由介詞引出的短語(yǔ)僅僅是teacher的修飾語(yǔ)。

　　[誤]There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.

　　[正]There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.

　　[析]information為不可數(shù)名詞，而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.

　　[誤]Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.

　　[正]Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.

　　[析]many a 加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，但其意為許多學(xué)生。

　　[誤]The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.

　　[正]The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.

　　[析]英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞：cloth是物質(zhì)名詞，意為“布”，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而clothing是指衣物的 總稱，也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服，但沒有單數(shù)形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的服裝，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚禮服。

　　[誤]I like to study the English.

　　[正]I like to study English.

　　[析]作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞，而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞，如：I like to study history. I like to study the history of America.

　　[誤]The Browns is going to visit China.

　　[正]The Browns are going to visit China.

　　[析]定冠詞加姓加s，則意為“Brown先生一家人”。所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。此句應(yīng)譯為：Brown先生一家將要訪問中國(guó)。

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