2010年考研英語：7選5的命題分析與解題方法指導(dǎo)

　　高分策略之7選5的具體解題方法2：詞匯同現(xiàn)法

　　2)詞匯同現(xiàn)法

　　詞匯同現(xiàn)是指屬于同一詞匯搭配范疇或者某一領(lǐng)域的詞匯在文章中共同出現(xiàn)，達(dá)到語義銜接的目的。一般來說，上下文中詞匯的范疇越小，上下文的銜接關(guān)系越緊密。

　　例1(大綱樣題)

　　42 . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.

　　[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

　　[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

　　[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

　　[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

　　[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

　　[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

　　[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

　　【解析】[F]本題出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)段落的首句，從答題策略來看，應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)看后文的敘述，后文中water重復(fù)了兩遍，說明這一信息是本段落的重點(diǎn)信息。同時(shí)這一信息很可能會在上下文中，即我們要填入的信息中出現(xiàn)復(fù)現(xiàn)詞或同現(xiàn)詞。對比選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)[F]中出現(xiàn)了lake，stream，river，sea等同類詞匯，因此可以判斷這一選項(xiàng)為正確答案。本題最大的干擾項(xiàng)為[G]，因?yàn)閇G]項(xiàng)一開始就有how fossils ate preserved與下文Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks…所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容從形式上來看似乎是吻合的;但是[G]項(xiàng)后面講的是動(dòng)物遺體上的有機(jī)組織(organism)可能轉(zhuǎn)化成幾種形式而本題空白處后面的內(nèi)容則告訴人們Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action(巖石中幾乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而被保存下來)，語義上主要說明泥沙對于化石保存下來所起的作用，因此兩者在語義的銜接上是不連貫的。

　　例2(2006年真題)

　　The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

　　44 Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

　　[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

　　[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?

　　[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.

　　[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

　　[E] David Williams's suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don't bet on it.

　　[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

　　[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

　　【解析】[F] 首先可以利用詞匯同現(xiàn)的方法解答此題，試題前句的diagnostic(診斷上的),選項(xiàng)中的medicalize(醫(yī)學(xué)化)以及空格后面的physical(身體上的)雖然不是近義詞或同義詞，但很明顯它們屬于同一醫(yī)學(xué)范疇，因此屬于同一范疇詞匯對應(yīng);其次，還可以利用結(jié)構(gòu)銜接法，選項(xiàng)中的defining as(注意選項(xiàng)中有倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，原結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是define …as…)與空格后的reclassifying…as…是近義詞表達(dá)法，都是表示"歸類為，定義為";再次，可以利用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法，選項(xiàng)中的weakness of will(意志上的弱點(diǎn))和空格后句中的character flaws(性格的缺陷)是上下義詞的關(guān)系，前者屬于后者。