考研英語(yǔ)完形填空大綱命題解析與做題策略指導(dǎo)

　　完形填空高分策略：完形填空基本解題策略

　　四、完形填空基本解題策略

　　1.宏觀上把握文章的中心和結(jié)構(gòu)

　　考研英語(yǔ)完形填空的文章以說(shuō)明文和議論文為主，個(gè)別情況下會(huì)出現(xiàn)夾敘夾議的文章。它們一般具有以下兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

　　1)都有明確的中心

　　由于完形填空要求從內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)方面將文章補(bǔ)充完整，整篇文章一般只有一個(gè)中心意思，而且具有邏輯性和完整性。從文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，第一句話一般都是主題句。為了幫助考生進(jìn)入語(yǔ)境和答題狀態(tài)，出題者往往先提供一個(gè)完整的句子，設(shè)置題目從第二句開(kāi)始。

　　2) 往往采用總分結(jié)構(gòu)

　　通過(guò)大量的總結(jié)分析，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)考研英語(yǔ)完形填空的文章在結(jié)構(gòu)上經(jīng)常采用總分對(duì)照的形式，這就為我們迅速?gòu)恼�體上把握一篇完形填空提供了非常便利的條件。

　　明確了以上兩點(diǎn)就為完形填空的解題從宏觀上指明了方向，下面以2004年的真題為例，講解如何把握文章中心和結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in 24 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status 25 as a rejection of middle-class values.

　　Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28 to criticism.

　　Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 30 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 32 lead more youths into criminal behavior.

　　Families have also 33 changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; 34 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 35 was common in the traditional family 36 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 37 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 39 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

　　(2004年真題)

　　文章主題和結(jié)構(gòu)分析：

　　第一段：

　　Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. (主題句) 許多研究青少年犯罪的理論要么強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人，要么強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)是導(dǎo)致犯罪的主要因素。

　　第二段：

　　Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.

　　大多數(shù)有關(guān)青少年犯罪的理論強(qiáng)調(diào)這些兒童都是來(lái)自貧困家庭，而忽略了出身富裕家庭的孩子也會(huì)犯罪這一事實(shí)。

　　第三段：

　　Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates.

　　社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)方面的變化可能間接影響了青少年的犯罪率。

　　第四段：

　　Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents…

　　這些年，家庭也在發(fā)生著變化。單親家庭或雙職工家庭不斷增加。

　　讀完第一句話后，文章的主題已經(jīng)一目了然，主題句主要探討青少年犯罪的原因，然后作者從三個(gè)方面對(duì)主題進(jìn)行了論證和說(shuō)明，即個(gè)人原因?qū)е碌姆缸铮�社�?huì)原因?qū)е碌姆缸�，以及家庭原因�(qū)е碌姆缸�，文章結(jié)構(gòu)為總分結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　2.微觀上分析句內(nèi)和句際關(guān)系

　　通過(guò)分析句子內(nèi)部各成分之間的關(guān)系，以及句子之間的關(guān)系為解答完形填空試題提供具體的操作思路和答題方法。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，完形填空試題的解答要依賴三個(gè)方面的信息：句子內(nèi)部提供的信息，句子上下文提供的信息，某個(gè)段落提供的信息。當(dāng)句子內(nèi)部提供的信息不足以解答試題時(shí)，就要考慮句子上下文提供的信息，當(dāng)句子上下文提供的信息也不能提供問(wèn)題的答案時(shí)，則需要從某個(gè)段落中尋求解決問(wèn)題的有價(jià)值的信息。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，通過(guò)對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)和主題進(jìn)行有效分析后，對(duì)句內(nèi)關(guān)系和句際關(guān)系的分析是解答完形填空試題的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。

　　1)句內(nèi)關(guān)系分析

　　句內(nèi)關(guān)系分析主要是分析與試題相關(guān)的詞、詞組或句子和試題之間的關(guān)系，從語(yǔ)義和結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)方面對(duì)句內(nèi)關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析是解答完形填空試題的基礎(chǔ)。

　　Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect.

　　38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability

　　(2004年真題)

　　【解析】[D]從語(yǔ)法上看，本題所在的短語(yǔ)和frustration or failure in school以及下文中的the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect構(gòu)成了平行結(jié)構(gòu)，共同作include的賓語(yǔ)。從語(yǔ)義來(lái)看，后面的三個(gè)并列短語(yǔ)和前面的offensive acts構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。

　　本題所在詞組的語(yǔ)義方向應(yīng)當(dāng)和前后的詞組是一致的，都是事情不好的方面。結(jié)合本題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)[D] 應(yīng)當(dāng)是正確答案。availability意為"可以提供，可以獲得"，符合句義。本句的意思是"毒品、酒精越來(lái)越容易得到"。[A]expense費(fèi)用，代價(jià)，損失，開(kāi)支; [B] restriction限定，限制，約束;[C]allocation分配，安置。其他三項(xiàng)均與題意不符。

　　2)句際關(guān)系分析

　　句子與句子之間歸納起來(lái)有六種邏輯關(guān)系，其邏輯關(guān)系詞分類(lèi)如下：

　　并列關(guān)系 and, and also, or, neither… nor…, either …or…, not only…but also…，as well, similarly, likewise, in the same way, that is to say

　　遞進(jìn)關(guān)系 moreover, what is more, furthermore, then, besides, in addition, additionally

　　因果關(guān)系 because, for, since, as, hence，thus, so, consequently

　　轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 but, however, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately

　　讓步關(guān)系 although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, no matter +疑問(wèn)詞

　　條件關(guān)系 if, only if, if only

　　將這些關(guān)系詞了熟于胸，可以對(duì)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系迅速做出判斷。有時(shí)，句子之間沒(méi)有邏輯詞，而依靠句子間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系連接起來(lái)，這種對(duì)隱性的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系的判斷也是完形填空考試中一個(gè)非常重要的方面。