歷年考研英語(yǔ)試題命題特點(diǎn)及規(guī)律(閱讀理解A部分)

　　(2)運(yùn)用數(shù)字進(jìn)行推理

　　Example

　　Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

　　This development—and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.

　　Altogether, the Us population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people—numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.

　　Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails. (1998年 Passage 4)

　　Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s .

　　[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history

　　[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population

　　[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth

　　[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ

　　這是一道涉及數(shù)字的題目，從標(biāo)志詞1970s可以定位為文章第三段，本段指出：“20世紀(jì)70年代，美國(guó)人口總共增長(zhǎng)了2 320萬(wàn)——從數(shù)字上看，這是有紀(jì)錄以來(lái)10年期人口增長(zhǎng)的第三高峰。即使如此，人口總數(shù)也只增加了11.4%，除了大蕭條時(shí)期，這是美國(guó)年度記錄最低的增長(zhǎng)率�！币虼耍琜A]選項(xiàng)和[C]選項(xiàng)與文意不符。接著文章第四段談到人口普查顯示出“第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來(lái)，美國(guó)人不斷移居西部和南部，現(xiàn)在這種趨勢(shì)依然存在”。因此可以得出[B]選項(xiàng)是正確答案，而[D]選項(xiàng)與該段內(nèi)容正好相反。

　　(3)用類(lèi)比的例子，要求考生進(jìn)行推理演繹

　　Example1

　　There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

　　By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. (1995年 Passage 2)

　　A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when .

　　[A] he has given up his smoking habit

　　[B] he has made great efforts in his work

　　[C] he is keen on learning anything new

　　[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey

　　本文指出看待人的成長(zhǎng)有兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：一是視為結(jié)果，一是視為過(guò)程。第一段具體講到第一種觀點(diǎn)的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容。它是大部分人都持有的觀點(diǎn)，看重外在結(jié)果因?yàn)槠淇梢粤炕�，可以通過(guò)具體事例反映出來(lái)，如：工人得到升遷、學(xué)生成績(jī)提高和外國(guó)人學(xué)會(huì)了一門(mén)新的語(yǔ)言。第二段講第二種觀點(diǎn)的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容：成長(zhǎng)是人在遇到新的經(jīng)歷和意外險(xiǎn)阻時(shí)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的態(tài)度和情感，而不是實(shí)在的結(jié)果。問(wèn)的是根據(jù)第一種觀點(diǎn)，以下哪一種是成長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)。通過(guò)文中類(lèi)比的例子可知只有[A]選項(xiàng)是實(shí)在的結(jié)果。

　　結(jié)論題與推理題在解題思路和方法上有許多相似之處，但是推理題偏重于推理過(guò)程，而結(jié)論題偏重于歸納過(guò)程。解答結(jié)論題時(shí)一定要根據(jù)題目要求，就短文有關(guān)內(nèi)容做出合乎邏輯的、可靠的結(jié)論。有時(shí)為了克服片面性，可以擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍，否則獲得信息的范圍太窄，結(jié)論便欠妥。因此，解答此類(lèi)試題既要以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，也要依據(jù)自己的常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn);既要重視文章主題，也要重視發(fā)展或印證主題的細(xì)節(jié);而尤為重要的是把握作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。注意過(guò)于概括、過(guò)于全面或過(guò)于細(xì)節(jié)化的選項(xiàng)，往往屬于干擾項(xiàng)。

　　(1)先了解全文，把握主題

　　考生可以通過(guò)首尾段、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、或歸納整理各段信息迅速了解主題。然后再通過(guò)主題與細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行合乎理性的歸納。

　　Example

　　The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. (2000年 Passage 5)

　　From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained .

　　[A] secretly and vigorously

　　[B] openly and enthusiastically

　　[C] easily and momentarily

　　[D] verbally and spiritually

　　該段談到人們對(duì)雄心的攻擊遠(yuǎn)多于對(duì)它的維護(hù)，因此本應(yīng)是一種健康公開(kāi)的品質(zhì)得不到很多支持。第四句和第五句指出了不公開(kāi)表達(dá)雄心帶來(lái)的不良后果，由此可以推出人們不應(yīng)該隱瞞自己的雄心。此外，縱觀全文，作者提倡的是正確對(duì)待雄心，坦言自己的抱負(fù)。因此[B]選項(xiàng)“公開(kāi)而熱情地”是作者提倡的對(duì)待雄心的正確態(tài)度。

　　(2)把握作者的寫(xiě)作意圖

　　Example

　　No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. (2001年 Passage 1)

　　The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate.

　　[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation

　　[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

　　[C] the change of policies in scientific publications

　　[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

　　前一段談到，業(yè)余研究者進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域很難的趨勢(shì)在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤為突出，英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展就說(shuō)明了這一問(wèn)題。后一段通過(guò)對(duì)19世紀(jì)英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)及其出版物的變化、研究方式的變化、非專(zhuān)業(yè)人員研究過(guò)程的困難等的陳述，說(shuō)明專(zhuān)業(yè)人員和業(yè)余人員之間的分化越來(lái)越明顯。因此可引申推理出作者的寫(xiě)作目的正是描述[A]選項(xiàng) “職業(yè)化和專(zhuān)業(yè)化形成的過(guò)程”。