歷年考研英語試題命題特點(diǎn)及規(guī)律(閱讀理解A部分)

　　(五)事實細(xì)節(jié)題

　　在閱讀理解測試中，很大比例的題目是考細(xì)節(jié)的。事實上在對歷年試題的分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)，事實細(xì)節(jié)題的比例占一半以上。文章中的細(xì)節(jié)通常指的是作者為論證文章主題特別是論證段落的大意而使用的具體信息。因為就議論文和說明文而言，作者在闡明準(zhǔn)備論述的問題或觀點(diǎn)后，通常會用大量具體的事實細(xì)節(jié)去說明或支持它們。這些細(xì)節(jié)可以是理由、例子、數(shù)字，也可以采用下定義、作比較、對比、打比方等方法去組織。根據(jù)具體考查的內(nèi)容或范圍，事實細(xì)節(jié)題可以再細(xì)分為因果細(xì)節(jié)題、態(tài)度細(xì)節(jié)題、觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題、類比細(xì)節(jié)題、綜合細(xì)節(jié)題和具體細(xì)節(jié)題。

　　1�背Ｒ姷拿�題模式

　　(1)According to the passage/ the author, who (what, where, which, when, why, how, etc.)

　　(2)Which of the following is true/correct/ false/not included?

　　(3)All of the following are (not) true, are (not) mentioned except .

　　(4)The author mentions all of the items listed below/all of the following except .

　　(5)We learn from the last paragraph(the first three paragraphs, the text) that .

　　事實細(xì)節(jié)的考查內(nèi)容和形式可以說是五花八門，但是大致可以歸納為以下三種類型：

　　(1)According 型

　　題干中多用who，what, where, which, when, why, how等疑問詞引導(dǎo)，利用詞性、同義詞、近義詞或一些意思相似的語句去考查考生對原文表達(dá)細(xì)節(jié)信息的詞匯、慣用法的正確理解，要求考生在文中尋找重要事實與細(xì)節(jié)�？忌�可以利用題目的關(guān)鍵詞去尋找文中對應(yīng)詞，在對應(yīng)詞周圍找答案。注意：此類題中，考what 和why 的最多。

　　(2)隱含的事實和細(xì)節(jié)型

　　測試考生對文章展示的細(xì)節(jié)的綜合概括能力;需要在讀懂全文的基礎(chǔ)上，綜合概括作者展示的各種細(xì)節(jié)。

　　Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.(2004年P(guān)assage 1)

　　How did Redmon find his job?

　　[A] By searching openings in a job database.

　　[B] By posting a matching position in a database.

　　[C] By using a special service of a database.

　　[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.

　　整個全文的主題是介紹“搜索代理”這種網(wǎng)上謀職工具。而第一段圍繞雷德曼通過“個人搜索代理”求職的個人經(jīng)歷展開論述。根據(jù)整個段落的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容和全文的主題可以判斷出[C]選項正確，該選項中的“特殊服務(wù)”指的就是“個人搜索代理”這種服務(wù)，其他干擾項都不符合文意。

　　(3)正誤判斷題

　　此類試題多根據(jù)文章的一段或數(shù)段提問，考查考生在現(xiàn)實生活中的閱讀技能，即快速、準(zhǔn)確尋找所需信息的能力。這種題目因為覆蓋面較廣，搜索定位時間較長，因而難度較大，容易給考生帶來心理壓力。因此考生遇到此類題型時，首先要調(diào)整心理狀態(tài)，冷靜地返回到文章中去尋找答案。

　　這種題原文往往有羅列，因此其解題三步驟如下：首先，讀懂題干和四個選項的內(nèi)容，提煉和記憶它們的主要意思;其次，帶著問題去閱讀文章，掃描和搜尋信息點(diǎn)，與題目不相關(guān)的句子和語段很快掠過，相關(guān)信息語言區(qū)域則要放慢速度，細(xì)致地對照原文和選項提供的信息;最后，“對號入座”，找到解題范圍后，立刻排除明顯的干擾項，然后“逐個突破”，對余下的選項進(jìn)行篩選，使選項的范圍越來越小，判斷的準(zhǔn)確率越來越高。

　　正誤判斷題有兩種題型：一正三誤和三正一誤，即要求考生找出四個選項中惟一正確的一個和要求考生判斷哪一個選項與文章不符。

　　這中間應(yīng)該特別提到的是后者，又稱except題型。其特點(diǎn)是題干中常常含有否定意義詞匯except，not (mentioned /true), least等，要求考生辨認(rèn)哪些細(xì)節(jié)文章中未提及。解此類題也遵循上面的三個步驟。在對號入座時，可以將原文中提到的內(nèi)容劃線，表示是排除的內(nèi)容;無法對號的即是答案。

　　Example

　　Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. (1995年P(guān)assage 1)

　　In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?

　　[A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.

　　[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.

　　這是一道典型的except題。先略讀題干和選項，得知題目主要問的是廣告的益處。定位到文章第一段。這一段列舉了廣告的四點(diǎn)益處: a�庇兄�于產(chǎn)品以合理價格穩(wěn)定國內(nèi)市場，以有競爭力的價格進(jìn)入國際市場;b�庇欣�于提高人們的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn);c�痹黾恿耸袌鲂枨�，擴(kuò)大了就業(yè);d�笔乖S多公共事業(yè)的服務(wù)價格低廉。對號入座，發(fā)現(xiàn)只有選項[A]文中未提及。