Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about views on environmental and resource problems.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph（41～45）.The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］ A bad thing may bring about a good result.
［B］ Pollution and poverty are leading us to destruction.
［C］ The worries of humanists are unfounded.
［D］ God helps those who help themselves.
［E］ Is our planet getting less habitable than it used to be?
［F］ The view on resource crisis deviates from facts.A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis.If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past,then the idea of a crisis—and all that follows from it—is dead wrong.In almost every respect important to humanity,the trends have been improving,not deteriorating.41.
Our world now supports 6 billion people.In the nineteenth century,the earth could sustain only 1 billion.And 10,000 years ago,only 1million people could keep themselves alive.People are now living more healthily than ever before.42.
One would expect lovers of humanity—people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa—to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature.Instead,they lament (feel sorrow for) that there are so many human beings,and wring their hands about the problems that more people inevitably bring,and the problem that resources will be further diminished.43.
It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen.If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenthcentury England,coal would not have been developed.If coal and whale oil shortages hadnt loomed,oil wells would not have been dug.44.
The prices of food,metals,and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century,and as far back as we know;that is,raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history,defying the commonsense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up,there will be less left.This is despite,and indirectly because of,increasing population.We dont say that all is well everywhere,and we dont predict that all will be rosy in the future.Children are hungry and sick;people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity;war or some other pollution may do us in.45.
Also,we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort.It will happen because men and women—sometimes as individuals,sometimes as enterprises working for profit,sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups,and sometimes as governmental agencies—will address problems with muscle and mind,and will probably overcome,as has been usual through history.
We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankinds economic lot in the long run,indefinitely.Of course,there are always newly arising local problems,shortages,and pollution,resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies.Sometimes temporary largescale problems arise.But the worlds physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering quickly)of a wellfunctioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems,and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.That is the great lesson to be learned from human history.Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Disposing of computers, monitors, printers and mobile phones is a large and growing environmental problem. Some 20m-50m tons of “ewaste” is produced each year, most of which ends up in the developing world. In July 2006 new rules came into force in both Europe and California to oblige the industry to take responsibility for it. 46) In Europe the Restriction of Hazardous Substances(RoHS) directive limits the use of many toxic materials in new electronic products sold in the European Union, whereas in California mobilephone retailers must now take back and recycle old phones.
Many technology firms are already eliminating certain chemicals and offering recycling schemes to help their customers dispose of obsolete equipment. 47) Yet there is a wide variation in just how green different companies are, according to Greenpeace, an environmental lobby group that launched a new ewaste campaign in August 2006. It has ranked the top mobilephone and PCmakers based on their progress in eliminaling chemicals and in taking back and recycling products.
The RoHS rules ban products containing any more than trace amounts of lead, mercury, cadmium and other hazardous substances, including some nasty materials called brominated flameretardants(BFRs). 48) To do well in Greenpeaces rankings, firms must make sure both products and production processes are free of polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and some BFRs that are not on the RoHS list. Greenpeace also wants companies to adopt a “precautionary principle” and avoid chemicals if their environmental impact is uncertain.
Although not everyone agrees with Greenpeaces methodology, its ranking still has some merit. Nokia does well: the worlds biggest handsetmaker has already got rid of PVC from its products and will eliminate all BFRs from next year. But, Greenpeace grumbles, it is not sufficiently “precautionary” in other areas. 49) Dell, however, scores well in this regard and on recycling, but loses marks for not having phased out PVC and BFRs yet, though it has set a deadline for doing so.
Perhaps the biggest surprise is the poor rating of Apple. The company insists that it has a strong record in recycling and has eliminated BFRs and PVC from the main plastic parts in its products. 50) It scores badly because it has not eliminated such chemicals altogether, has not set time limits for doing so, does not provide a full list of regulated substances and is insufficiently precautionary for Greenpeaces tastes. As for recycling, the 9,500 tons of electronics Apple says it has recycled since 1994 is slight given the amount of equipment the firm sells, says Greenpeace. Alas for Apple, whatever the pros and cons(advantages and disadvantages) of Greenpeaces ranking criteria, consumers are likely to be influenced by it anyway.
Section ⅢWriting
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to the Economics School of a famous university, asking for the details about the entrance test for MA.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) make your comments and suggestions.
答案與解析：
Model Test 1
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. ［答案］ \[B\] imposing
［解析］ 由所給出的選項(xiàng)可知，此處需一現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于次要謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明“地球表面有限”與“絕對(duì)資源短缺”的關(guān)系。據(jù)此判斷，［B］“強(qiáng)加（帶來(lái)，造成）”表明這種“絕對(duì)短缺”是一種自然狀況，是我們無(wú)法改變的，用在此處最恰當(dāng)。
［A］“組／構(gòu)成”，［C］“暴露；揭示”，［D］“安排；處理”，四個(gè)詞的詞根相同，詞義各異，形成雙重干擾。
2. ［答案］ \[A\] uses
［解析］ 僅從與介詞“in”的搭配上看，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)皆可用，但據(jù)其下文看，涉及的都是資源的應(yīng)用問(wèn)題，故此題答案非［A］“用法；用途”莫屬。
［B］“方法／式”，［C］“領(lǐng)域”，［D］“形式”，均不合文意。
3. ［答案］ \[D\] if
［解析］ 上句說(shuō)明了“相對(duì)資源短缺”的一個(gè)意義。此句則解釋它的另一意義：投入資源的數(shù)量是有限的，它用于制造某種產(chǎn)品上的數(shù)量增加，必然導(dǎo)致在其他應(yīng)用上的減少。由此判斷，［D］“如果”表示一般條件，為正確答案。
［A］“由于；既然”，［B］“如果……不；除非”，［C］“因?yàn)椤�，皆不合句意邏輯�?BR>4. ［答案］ \[C\] process
［解析］ 由上題的分析可知，此題答案應(yīng)是［C］“過(guò)程”：manufacturing process 意指“制造／生產(chǎn)某物的過(guò)程”。
［A］“工廠(chǎng)”，［B］“公司”，［D］“程序”，皆不適用。
5. ［答案］ \[B\] in terms of
［解析］ 據(jù)句意判斷，［B］“按照；就……而言”是符合句意的唯一選項(xiàng)。介詞短語(yǔ)“in terms of money”修飾“the cost of a product”,意為“一產(chǎn)品的貨幣成本�！�
［A］“關(guān)／至于”，［C］“鑒／由于”，［D］“關(guān)系到”，均不可取。
6. ［答案］ \[A\] to
［解析］ “the cost of sth.”意為“……的費(fèi)用／成本”，“the cost to sb./sth.”意為“……所付出的費(fèi)用／代價(jià)”。依句意此處自然應(yīng)選［A］。此句句意：“一產(chǎn)品的貨幣成本不能表明社會(huì)付出的實(shí)際代價(jià)。”下句以實(shí)例對(duì)此作了進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。
7. ［答案］ \[D\] value
［解析］ 此空處于表語(yǔ)地位，應(yīng)與其主語(yǔ)“the true cost”相呼應(yīng)，故答案非［D］“價(jià)值；（公平的）代價(jià)”莫屬。
［A］“要價(jià)；收費(fèi)”，［B］“花費(fèi)；開(kāi)支”，［C］“價(jià)格／錢(qián)”，皆不適用。
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