歸納

    歸納是一種由特殊(個(gè)別)到一般的概括，從閱讀理解角度說(shuō)，所謂個(gè)別即具體細(xì)節(jié)，所謂一般即章節(jié)段落的大意或主題，歸納是由特殊細(xì)節(jié)推向一般主題的概括過(guò)程。我們可以借助詞的上下義關(guān)系來(lái)領(lǐng)會(huì)掌握并運(yùn)用歸納這一方法。

    （1） 句子的歸納

A) Microwave ovens have eliminated many of the inconveniences previously associated with the preparation of meals.

B) Many foods can go directly from the freezer to the microwave oven without being defrosted.

C) Many microwave ovens can be pre-set to cook food while you are away from the kitchen.

D) The microwave oven has greatly reduced the amount of time it takes to cook a meal.

題中四句話都提到微波爐的好處，其中B、C、D 分別從方便、解凍、定時(shí)三個(gè)不同的方面具體講述微波爐不同于傳統(tǒng)炊具的優(yōu)勢(shì)，而A則從整體上覆蓋了上述三句的內(nèi)容，故A是對(duì)B、C、D的概括，上述分析、尋找最具概括意義之選項(xiàng)的過(guò)程即為歸納過(guò)程。推而廣之，我們可用之于段落和短文主題的歸納。

    （2） 段落大意的歸納

Although most universities in the United States are run on a semester system, which offers classes in the fall and spring, some schools observe a quarter system comprised of fall, winter, spring, and summer quarters. The academic year, September to June, is divided into three quarters of eleven weeks each beginning in September, January, and March, the summer quarter, June to August is composed of shorter sessions of varying length. Students may take advantage of the opportunity to study year around by enrolling in all four quarters, Most students begin their programs in the fall quarter, but they may enter at the beginning of any of the other quarters.

A) Universities in the United States

B) The Academic Year

C) The Quarter System

D) The Semester System

本段由四個(gè)句子組成，各句大意分別為：1)有些學(xué)校實(shí)行四學(xué)期制；2)學(xué)年從9月至下年7月，前三個(gè)學(xué)期各長(zhǎng)11周，夏季學(xué)期最短；3)學(xué)生可于任何學(xué)期注冊(cè)入學(xué)；4)但大多數(shù)學(xué)生秋季入學(xué)。通過(guò)上述四句大意的歸納，可知本段落主要講述美國(guó)大學(xué)的一種學(xué)期制，即Quarter System，答案為C。

    （3） 短文主題的歸納

①Proponents of father-attended childbirth assert that the father’s experience encourages him to develop a closer bond with his child…

②As a father of three teenagers from a previous marriage, one man compared his past experience as a new father to being in the delivery room during the birth of his newborn daughter…

③ Women report that they are much less anxious and more aware of what is going on when their husbands are with them when they give birth…

A) The Father-Daughter Relationship

B) Baby’s First View of Life

C) Dad in the Delivery Room

文章共三段，分別給出了各段的主題句。第一段談贊成女子分娩時(shí)丈夫陪在其身邊的觀點(diǎn)并認(rèn)為這一經(jīng)歷有利于將來(lái)父子關(guān)系的發(fā)展；第二段從男子的角度談妻子分娩時(shí)陪在其身邊的感受；第三段則從女子自身的角度提到分娩時(shí)有丈夫在身邊會(huì)感到踏實(shí)、放心。通過(guò)對(duì)三段主題句的綜合概括，全文共同討論的是：女子分娩時(shí)要不要未來(lái)的父親候在產(chǎn)房，因此答案為C。

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