（一）．短文改錯應(yīng)試技巧
1. 務(wù)必先快速瀏覽全文，把握話題和大意。然后細(xì)讀要求改錯的那行文字，看看每一個詞是否有語義語法上的錯誤。如果本行或本句內(nèi)找不出詞匯語法上的錯誤，要特別注意一下上下文，看看是否有邏輯錯誤。做題時思路要開闊，考慮每類詞匯可能出現(xiàn)的錯誤。特別注意以下一些常設(shè)置的考點：
1） 對于本行內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的兩個形容詞adjective，考慮一下是否應(yīng)為副詞，或涉及形容詞的詞匯錯誤，如比較級最高級等，甚至反義詞；副詞亦如此。
2） 對于本行內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的系動詞，助動詞，考慮單復(fù)數(shù)和時態(tài)問題。
3） 對于本行內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)在分詞-ing，考慮一下是否應(yīng)為過去分詞-ed，反之亦然。
4） 對于本行內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的介詞，考慮是否能與動詞，形容詞，名詞構(gòu)成正確的搭配。
5） 對于本行內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的連詞，讀一下上下文是否文意順暢。
6） 對于本行內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的代詞，考慮一下用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式。
7） 如果每個詞都找不出問題，看是否漏掉了詞，如冠詞等。
（二）常見錯誤類型
A.一致性方面的錯誤
① 主謂一致: 主謂不一致錯誤是CET-6綜合改錯題內(nèi)容之一，主要表現(xiàn)為主語名詞與謂語動詞間隔較長，首尾不能相接，造成視覺上的混淆。
例： The president of the company, together with the employees who have got their salaries for months, are planning a conference for the purpose of solving financial problems.
② 名詞單復(fù)數(shù): 有時名詞可以不用復(fù)數(shù)，但是在特定的句子中由于前面有明確的量詞修飾，如many, several, a number of, a variety of等等，就要變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例： Computers, which we all know have taken great changes in the past few decades, has many possible use in different fields.
③ 代詞與先行詞一致
代詞的主要功能是指代已出現(xiàn)的名詞、詞組或一個意群，因此代詞的出現(xiàn)必須有所指，而且形、數(shù)等必須與前面所代的部份相符。這是代詞改錯的核心。
例：A knowledge of several languages is essential to other majors' study because without them one can read books only in translation.
A man surrounded by flames and smoke generally considers that jumping out of a second-floor window is an acceptable risk to save their life.
B.時態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣
① 時態(tài)錯誤: 在一篇結(jié)構(gòu)完整、語義連續(xù)的短文中，時態(tài)的使用也應(yīng)該連貫一致，但是英語表示時間時，主句和從句時態(tài)可能不一致，卻仍表明完整正確的意思。這就要求同學(xué)對英語敏感，準(zhǔn)確判斷句中動作的時態(tài)。
例： He can't remember what he once knows when he was still in that small town.
② 語態(tài)錯誤
在CET-6綜合改錯題中最常見的語態(tài)錯誤是被動語態(tài)被誤用為主動語態(tài)。因為漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣上有時不加“被”字也能表示被動，因而同學(xué)對被動語態(tài)不敏感。另外，不及物動詞不能攜帶賓語，因而也就沒有被動語態(tài)。
例：She was very angry at not telling the truth when she listened to the account.
③虛擬語氣錯誤
虛擬語氣的使用錯誤在綜合改錯題中主要表現(xiàn)為主句和從句的語氣不協(xié)調(diào)。
例：We strongly suggest that Henry, president of
注意假冒偽劣虛擬語氣！
His pale face and hollow eyes suggest that he play PC games all night.
C.連接詞、并列句、從屬句
這類錯誤常常不易被發(fā)現(xiàn)，因為它不屬于句子內(nèi)部的語言知識，而是句子與句子之間的串聯(lián)的關(guān)系。要想把這類錯誤糾正出來，需要同學(xué)對文章有總體的理解，頭腦中有個大的框架。一般改錯中的連詞錯誤都會使句子的邏輯關(guān)系發(fā)生改變，或造成句子的語義邏輯混亂。 例：Science is the production of new knowledge that can be applied or not, since technology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like.
D.形容詞、副詞比較級、最高級
這類錯誤主要考較不常見的形容詞、副詞的比較級形式。一般來講，同學(xué)不難掌握。
例：Microwave ovens are generally more costlier than common ovens.
E.平行結(jié)構(gòu)
平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤主要指在連接詞and前后語法結(jié)構(gòu)不對等、不平行。
例：Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help deciding which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to dropping.
F.非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞是令人頭疼的改錯類型，它包括不定式、分詞、動名詞。六級改錯中主要出現(xiàn)的是非謂語動詞與主要謂語動詞之間的混淆。
例：The idea that learn a foreign language is hard work is realized by every student.
G.固定搭配
固定搭配主要包括動詞、形容詞、名詞同介詞的搭配以及其它許多慣用法等。解答這類題的關(guān)鍵在于同學(xué)掌握大量的短語及固定搭配。
例：It also takes rise to a blurring of the distinction between science and technology.
H.詞性錯誤
詞性誤用句中，錯誤主要表現(xiàn)在形容詞、名詞、副詞上。做這類改錯題，首先要判斷詞性及詞在句中的位置，然后根據(jù)它們在句中所處的位置來確定詞性是否正確。一般說來，形容詞修飾名詞，副詞修飾動詞，副詞修飾形容詞。
例：We are not necessary capable of doing such an exacting job.
I.易混淆的詞
英語詞匯中有很多詞在拼寫上、語義上很相似，如assure/ensure, rise/arise/raise, effect/affect,但是它們的用法卻迥然不同。這些易混淆的詞構(gòu)成六級改錯的一個重要錯誤類型。economic/economical/financial
（三）真題中錯誤類型再回顧
一、語言結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤占很大比例
1.單復(fù)數(shù)概念。這是最簡單、最基本的語法規(guī)則,但是由于它本身的特殊用法較多, 加之同學(xué)的詞匯量、語義場的水平差異大,不可能人人都能完全答對。
1:This dream...was to find a piece of place, and build a house for one's family...(CET-6,9,03)
2:Can we be so bold as to suggest that we may be able to colonize other planet within the not-too-distant future?(CET-6, 1,00)
2.主謂一致。主謂一致也是英語的基本知識范疇。然而由于英語中的集體名詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、主謂倒裝等特殊變量的存在,給語言學(xué)習(xí)者帶來許多不好把握的地方。
1:...but behind it lies two myths...(CET-6,6,02) 2:...perhaps one in every seven deaths in Europe's crowded cities were caused by the disease.(CET-6,6,01) 此句的難點在于介詞短語又多又長,容易干擾答題者的語法觀念。
3.時態(tài)的前后一致。時態(tài)的前后一致,應(yīng)屬于初級英語學(xué)習(xí)者掌握的語法概念。然而有些段落時空交叉頻繁和復(fù)合句中的分句特殊規(guī)則, 這些會給時態(tài)觀念薄弱的同學(xué)造成障礙。
These small households were portraits of independence: the entire family, mother, father, children, even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to support each other.(CET-6,9,03)
4.介詞的靈活搭配和固定搭配。介詞變化無窮。它的使用沒有百分之百的規(guī)則,只有具備語篇中的靈活性,而這種靈活性又具有相當(dāng)?shù)墓潭ㄐ院鸵?guī)范性。
例1:This is new is the scale.
此句中有兩個is,說明其中一個是誤用。根據(jù)文章上下文意思"它們在規(guī)模大小方面的不同之處倒是人們應(yīng)該研究的新動向",我們可以把第二個is改成in。
2: Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative period of hunting for food, they became farmers.(CET-6,1,02) 從語法詞性的搭配習(xí)慣考慮
二、語義前后不順,缺乏邏輯性
有些考題乍一看沒有問題, 這時同學(xué)就不妨拋開語法問題, 重點審查該句與上一句或下一句的邏輯關(guān)系。
1.用詞不當(dāng)。這種錯誤使語言含糊不清。
1: Anyone understood the life and death importance of family cooperation and hard work.(CET-6,9.03)
例2:...a few generations late, sends them flooding out again to the suburbs.(CET-6, 6,02)
該句中的late不符合上下文意思,因為late僅表示"遲到"而沒有"以后"的意思,要想表達(dá)"幾代之后(幾十年后)"就應(yīng)該用a few generations later。later有"……以后,最近"的意思。
2.語義邏輯合理、前后意義連貫。有個別考題是考查學(xué)生的邏輯推斷能力。啟示：人們說話或?qū)懳恼乱话銘?yīng)思路明確、順暢,不能前后矛盾、顛三倒四。
1:Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their bodies, became radically changed.
2:When
歸納: 詞匯、語法、和語篇方面的錯誤（語篇方面的也是借助前兩者）。因此：
1. 語法要點需要快速復(fù)習(xí)（看一遍語法條目和例題）
考試時不妨寫下清單對照搜索短文里的錯誤，非常有效！
1．動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)；
2. 非謂語動詞；
3. 連接詞（讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折、時間、從屬、條件、原因、對比、方式、目的、結(jié)果）；
4. 一致性（時態(tài)一致、主謂一致、指代一致）；
5. 形容詞和副詞（混用、比較級和最高級）；
6. 倒裝；
7. 虛擬語氣；
常見基本技能再錘煉
1. People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes
in the way of life. As income goes down, people may not want more __________
food to eat or more clothes to wear.
2. Traditionally, the American farmer has always been independent and
hard-working. In the eighteenth century farmers were quite self-sufficient.
The farm family grew and made almost nothing it needed. __________
3. Blood pressure drugs definitely help some people live after a heart attack,
but these same drugs may be both necessary and harmful for those with __________
only mild blood pressure problems.
4. If he was present because of illness, there was often no job for him when __________
he returned. Since there were always many other workers to take his job,
he was likely to be hired if he asked for more money. __________
II. 邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)錯誤
1. In the theatre, two young Americans sat before me. I had to change my angle
every time the young lady leaned over to talk to him and he leaned over to kiss her _________
2. In 1860, because some of the farm population had moved to the city, yet __________
eighty percent of the American population was still in the country.
3. The farmer rose at dawn or before it and had much work to do, with
his own muscles as his chief source of power. He used axes, spades and other __________
complicated tools on the farm.
III. 介詞錯誤（考查較多。防范方法：注意其原始含義;注意固定搭配）
1. More and more people live in towns and cities instead on farms __________
and in villages.
2. Cities and states have to provide services city people want, such like more __________
police protection, more hospitals, and more schools.
3. There are maybe sound medical reasons for accepting electrical shock
treatment, but such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and __________
benefits for the patients.
4. Similarly, we feel comfortable with people who possess
physical qualities similar as ours. __________
5. You may have noticed about how people who live and work __________
closely come to behave in a similar way.
6. It seems that the progress of man includes a rising volume of noise.
In every home, a stereo or television will fill the rooms sound. __________
7. Men have explored parts of the moon, and possibly within the decade will land
into another planet and explore it. __________
8. But perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving
to hasty conclusion, which may turn out unfavorable results. __________
9. Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked to him, very
much as a napkin, so he put it across his collar. __________
IV。指代錯誤
1. While technology makes this possible for four or even six __________
billion of us to exist, it also eliminates our job opportunities.
2. Traditionally, work determines our way of life. But if 98 percent
of us don’t need to work, what are we going to do with oneself? __________
3. The widespread use of such electrical appliances means that there
is a need for servicemen to keep it running properly. __________
4. …a man surrounded by flames and smoke generally considers that
jumping out of a second-floor window is an acceptable risk to save its life. __________
5. The workingman had little schooling beyond his craft, and there
was little hope that their children would have anything better. __________
6. In the nineteenth century, farm work and life were not much
changed from that they had been in old days. __________
V. V. 非謂語動詞
1. Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are preparing to put __________
up with in the name of better health is a highly personal matter, not
a decision we should leave to doctors alone.
2. They believed that it was good business to hire men, women and
children as cheaply as possible, make them worked as hard as they __________
could and, when they became inefficient, worn out, or unable to work
for any reason, discharge them.
3. Unconsciously, we copy those we are close to or love or
admire. So a sportsman’s individual way of walking
with raised shoulders is imitated by an admired fan; … __________
4. Even the quiet of our carefully protected wildness
areas can be invaded at any moment by a passed jet. __________
VI. 一致
1. Traditionally, work determines our way of life. But if 98
percent of us doesn’t need to work, what are we going to do with ourselves? __________
2. Advances in technology, especially after the industrial revolution,
has also changed people’s lives. ____________
3. Whether women who have started a career will attain pay
equality with man rest on at least two factors. __________
4. The small college, however, generally provides a limited number
of courses and specializations, but offer a better student-faculty __________
ratio, thus permitting individualized attention to students.
小試牛刀
1. A few months after returning back the States from Germany, I attended 1._______
a college course in French. Since I have already learned 2._______
to speak German good in Germany, I thought it might be a lot 3._______
interested to take up another language course. 4._______
At the first class, the French teacher asked us to do a pronunciation exercises 5._______
in it he would say a word or two in French, clearly and slowly, 6._______
then we students would do our best to copy the French words. Finally, 7._______
he came to me, kept me saying more English words, and listened 8._______
amusingly(好笑地). After a few minutes, I felt I was made a fool,
but asked him why. “Well, I find it great fun,” the teacher explained 9._______
it. “In the past two decades of my teaching career, it’s the first time I 10._______
have heard an American speak French with a German accent.”
來個難點的。
2.
|
Drunken driving—sometimes called America’s social accepted form of murder—has become a national epidemic. Every hour of every day about three Americans on an average are killed by drunken drivers, adding to an incredible 250,000 over the past decade. A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.10 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an unacceptable part of the American macho（男子漢氣概） image and judges were lenient（寬大的） in most courts, but the drunken-slaughter has recently caused so many good-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant. Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowers it to 18, the number of people killed by 18-to-20-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21. Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little affect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes” towards drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink. Tough new laws have led to increase arrests and tests and in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities. Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks. Although the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcoholic that began in 1919, which President Hoover called the “noble experiment”. They forget that legal prohibition didn’t stop drinking, but discouraged political corruption and organized crime. As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution. |
1.________________ 2.________________ 3.________________ 4.________________ 5.________________ 6.________________ 7.________________ 8.________________ 9.________________ 10._______________ |
1.測試同學(xué)對篇章的理解能力
2.測試同學(xué)對語法結(jié)構(gòu)的理解和綜合運用能力
1.詞匯辨義題；
2.習(xí)慣用法及固定搭配題；
3.語法結(jié)構(gòu)題；
4.邏輯推理題。
1. 快速瀏覽全文；
2. 仔細(xì)閱讀每一句話，通過語法判斷猜測缺失的內(nèi)容的成分性質(zhì)和可能的含義
3. 從選項中尋找與預(yù)期相同的單詞或代入核查語義是否與上下文吻合
完型填空的信息鏈必須完整！前一個句子經(jīng)常為后面句子提高信息支持！
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (青少年犯罪) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21)____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22)____ they were not sufficiently punished for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society argue that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative (實驗性) and are (28) ____ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct cause-effect relationship has not been established.
21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing
22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because
23. [A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation
24. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response
25. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else
26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding
27. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with
28. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject
29. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect
30. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount
31. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length
32. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence
33. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced
34. [A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously
35. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as
36. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage
37. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible
38. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability
39. [A] occurrence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity
40. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing
充分利用簡答與閱讀理解的共性(如出題的位置)
1. 通讀小提示：迅速瀏覽帶漢語注釋的詞匯。Why?
2. 定位有竅門：數(shù)字、專有名詞當(dāng)先鋒
3. 利用and, or, by等常見詞預(yù)測答案形式，以準(zhǔn)確做答
4. 答案的方式：從詞、句式結(jié)構(gòu)方面改變原文。
2分——答出全部內(nèi)容，語言正確 1分——答出部分內(nèi)容，語言正確
——語言錯誤扣0.5分(大小寫和標(biāo)點忽略不計)
——涉及無關(guān)內(nèi)容扣0.5分；答案中有相互矛盾的內(nèi)容，則內(nèi)容矛盾部分不得分。
——整句原封不動照搬扣分，照搬一句扣0.5分；照搬兩句及兩句以上不得分；
——所給答案超過10個單詞扣0.5分。
1. 通讀（與閱讀理解方式相同）
2. 閱讀問題回原文搜索定位
3. 仔細(xì)閱讀原文相關(guān)句子，判斷答案是否在本句，如無，根據(jù)問題性質(zhì)向旁邊搜索。
4. 搜索到能夠回答問題的原文后，根據(jù)問題的提法(why? How? when___? If___?)，整理答案。
3. 檢查
Culture shock is so named because of the effect it has on people when they enter a new culture. Experts have been interested in these effects and have agreed on five basic stages of culture shock. These stages are general and should only be used as a reference. Not every individual will go through each stage, and one stage may last longer that another for different individuals.
The hardest thing for most travelers to deal with is the emotional “roller coaster” they seem to be riding. One moment they feel very positive toward the new culture, and the next moment very negative. It seems common that international visitors and immigrants vacillate between loving and hating a new country. Feelings of separation and alienation can be intensified if they do not have a sense of fitting in or belonging.
Fatigue is another problem people face when entering a new culture. There can be a sense of a greater need for sleep. This is due not only to physical tiredness, but also to mental fatigue. This mental fatigue comes from straining to comprehend the language, and coping with new situations. The impact of culture shock can vary from person to person. There can be significant differences because some people may be better prepared to enter a new culture. Four factors which play into these are personality, language ability, length of stay, and the emotional support received.
It is logical to think that when people are deprived of their familiar surroundings they will feel disoriented. One solution some have found is to bring a few small reminders of home. Pictures, wall hangings, favorite utensils, and keep sakes are all good candidates to make things feel more familiar.
Another helpful activity is to establish little routines that become familiar over time. Even better is fitting things that were part of the regular routine back in the home country into the routine established in the new culture. This will make people feel more at home.
Questions:
1. According to Paragraph. one, experts show their interest in
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________.
2. Emotional “roller coaster” refers to
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________.
3. When entering a new culture, travelers will feel________if they don’t find themselves fitting in or belonging to this culture.
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________.
4. People will feel confused and unsettled when
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________.
5. According to the author, the more effective way to solve “cultural shock” is
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________.
未講部分答案
閱讀：P16
Passage VI. 31-35 ADCAB
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