2.看DVD培養(yǎng)語感,(必須有英文字幕,必須是語言類)
其它泛聽: Anytime but bedtime!
(三)考試中注意事項:
1. 要放松精神。(需要在平時訓(xùn)練好感覺)
2. 瀏覽題目選項,基本預(yù)測出所提問題的大致方向,從而可使自己處于主動地位,有利于處理好聽與看的關(guān)系。
注意:發(fā)下試卷后強(qiáng)烈建議先看短文做預(yù)測。Why?
3. 必要時,必須放棄局部,以保證全局勝利!
第五部分、閱讀理解沖刺
一、閱讀沖刺材料選用
以往年真題為主,做過的題目,按照后面的真?zhèn)芜x項的特征檢查自己做錯的原因?偨Y(jié)自己經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)錯誤的地方(如常識干擾問題、偷梁換柱問題最容易犯錯)
二、閱讀沖刺要點一覽
1.六閱讀選材:
沖刺階段要特別關(guān)注科普類文章,其比重近幾年有所提高,但都為常見學(xué)科,如交通、生物、醫(yī)療等。
2.再談文體特點:
從歷次考試來看,六級閱讀文章絕大多數(shù)為說明文和議論文。
說明文通常為對某事物的特點、功能作用、發(fā)展等分別進(jìn)行說明,根本目的在于讓讀者了解這些信息,重視信息的客觀陳述。說明文考查細(xì)節(jié)題最多,難度相對較低。
議論文通常對某個問題進(jìn)行剖析,或支持,或批駁,其根本目的在于說服讀者接受自己的觀點。文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)通常為:提出問題,分析問題,提出解決方案/建議。議論文會考查到推理、結(jié)論題和主旨態(tài)度類題,難度相對較大。
兩類文章在各段落的行文模式很相似。比較典型的段落是“主題句+支持細(xì)節(jié)”,也就是說都以“總――分”的模式來拓展段落的。掌握這個規(guī)律有助于迅速把握作者的整體思路。
3. 幾個認(rèn)識上的問題
1. 最難的題目每次不會超過4個。其余的按現(xiàn)有語言知識/理解能力完全應(yīng)付的來。
2. 六級閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題仍然最多,難度最小,必須保證準(zhǔn)確率。
3. 速度的提高:平時的訓(xùn)練的時候按照推薦的解題方法就可以實現(xiàn)。如通讀重點句,減少視覺干擾,利用數(shù)字專有名詞定位,直接排除干擾選項等等。
4. 解題步驟和各題型解題思路
確定文章的順序后,每一篇文章的解題步驟可以概括為:通讀文章,看問題,按照題目類型看題、做題,不能簡單按序號從頭做到尾。
完整的步驟概括如下:
第一步:通讀文章。先看一下帶有漢語注釋的單詞。因為問題中有時會出現(xiàn)此類單詞。
第二步:瀏覽問題,決定做題順序。
第三步:讀、做細(xì)節(jié)類題,順序為:細(xì)節(jié)題、單詞、單句題、多項細(xì)節(jié)題。
第四步:讀、做推理類題:推論、結(jié)論題。
第五步:讀、做主旨類題:主旨題、態(tài)度語氣題。
這樣的步驟是根據(jù)信息的復(fù)雜程度和問題的難度安排的。第三步里的細(xì)節(jié)類題型牽扯到的信息比較單一,屬于局部問題,往往原文一句話就解決,難度最低。第四步推理類題經(jīng)常需要結(jié)合前面提到的其它細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行邏輯判斷。第五步主旨類題目既需要通讀所得到的大致路線,又需要做細(xì)節(jié)題時獲得的信息來充實、具體化該路線。
三、真?zhèn)芜x項特征大盤點
該部分旨在使大家對各種選項的認(rèn)識更清晰,全面提高抗干擾能力,提高辨別假冒偽劣的能力,提高選擇的成活率。該部分要重點掌握基本思路。
關(guān)于正確選項,這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)的點是:
(1)所有題型的正確選項的根本特征是要符合原文的主旨。
(一)、正確選項特征
1.細(xì)節(jié)類題目
正確選項一般為直接答案,此類答案可以在文章中直接找到相關(guān)的事實細(xì)節(jié)支持。常用方法就是同義替換或釋義(如詞匯題),即把文中語言(詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu))改頭換面,來表達(dá)相同的意思。常見表現(xiàn)形式有下列幾種:
(1)正確選項在文字表述上和原文相關(guān)句相似度很高。
(2)正確選項和原文相關(guān)句的句式基本一致,關(guān)鍵信息換用原文的同義詞語。此類方法使用較多。
(3)正確選項使用原文的反義詞語,通過不同的結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。
(4)正確選項使用與原文相反的句式結(jié)構(gòu),但表達(dá)的語義相同。
特別提示:
細(xì)節(jié)題中,如果選項是從原文一字不差抄來的,不管看上去多么有道理,都要排除。而正確答案都會在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。只要是正確選項,其各個部分在原文都有直接、間接的事實細(xì)節(jié)支持。
2.推理類題目
正確選項特征比較統(tǒng)一,除符合文章主旨外,還是從原文細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)推導(dǎo)出來的,符合邏輯,恰到好處,符合客觀事實。
3.主旨類題目
(1)主旨題正確選項概括歸納的范圍大小恰到好處。
(2)語氣態(tài)度題正確選項表達(dá)的尺度恰當(dāng)。
(二)、煉就一雙火眼金睛,提高抗干擾能力
干擾選項特征
顧名思義,干擾項的目的就是擾亂考生思維,將思路引入歧途。細(xì)節(jié)題中的干擾項較容易排除,只要發(fā)現(xiàn)選項有一處缺乏原文事實的支持就可以排除。推理類題目和主旨類題目的干擾項迷惑性更強(qiáng)一些。
一些選項可以根據(jù)主題直接排除,如說法絕對的,違反客觀事實/常識的。
1.細(xì)節(jié)類題目
(1)無中生有:憑空捏造原文不存在的細(xì)節(jié),以迷惑和干擾考生,制造的假象讓考生懷疑自己是否漏讀了原文的相關(guān)信息。破解方法仍然是準(zhǔn)確定位。
(2)常識錯位:干擾項是一些基本常識和我們對社會、生活等方面一些問題的一般看法和認(rèn)識,雖然符合客觀現(xiàn)實,但并非文章所提及的。
此類干擾項很容易導(dǎo)致粗心錯誤,因為選項的說法符合我們的一般認(rèn)識,使得干擾項先入為主,誤導(dǎo)了判斷,忽略了要從原文驗證。
!!謹(jǐn)防喧賓奪主,越俎代庖。!
癥狀將一些常識帶入思考,放松、甚至忘記了一切答案要以原文為依據(jù)。
特別提示:留意不需看原文就能自圓其說的選項,這些選項通常為高度疑似錯誤答案,需要提高警惕。
(3) 偷梁換柱:
這是細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項最常見的方法,是大多數(shù)同學(xué)由于粗心失分的地方。干擾項利用了原文的一部分結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯,但在一些位置換掉個別詞,造成了語義的變化。
特別提示:要留意選項各個句子成分是否與原文表述的意義一致。地點,時間,方式,程度 (副詞),性質(zhì) (如形容詞),甚至是主語和謂語(都可能被偷換掉。
根本解決方法是細(xì)心求證選中的答案是否經(jīng)得起原文的考驗。
細(xì)節(jié)題不要跟著感覺走!
不能只憑一個單詞的印象就選擇答案!
必須去原文核實選項的每一個成分!
Example 1:
Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners (從業(yè)者).
"With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.
The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (頭盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.
Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. ……
37. Richard Satava has visions of_____.
A) using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas
B) wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield 細(xì)節(jié)陷阱: 方式、位置
C) wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons
D) setting up mobile surgical units overseas
Example 2:
Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in
22. According to the passage if you want to be a good manager in
A) apologize promptly for your subordinates' mistakes
B) be skillful in accepting blames from customers
C) make symbolic sacrifices whenever necessary
D) create a strong sense of company loyalty
(4)推理題和細(xì)節(jié)題里的推理類選項
(1)夸大后果:對于原文中的細(xì)節(jié)或論斷的某方面程度(比如后果)進(jìn)行了夸大處理。
3.主旨類題目:
主旨?xì)w納題
(1)以偏概全:在概括文章或段落大意時,用某一個段落的觀點或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文主要觀點、中心思想的選項。也就是歸納概括的范圍不足。
(2)主題擴(kuò)大:歸納概括的范圍過大,超過了文章討論的東西,與主旨大意是包含關(guān)系。
態(tài)度語氣題
干擾選項通常說法片面或偏激。六級閱讀所選文章通常是理性的說明和論證,具有較強(qiáng)邏輯性,作者對于所討論專題的態(tài)度不會是極其偏激的。如目前只作為干擾項出現(xiàn)過的有arbitrary(武斷的),subjective(主觀的),prejudiced(有偏見的), indifferent等。而經(jīng)常成為正確選項的有concerned, objective.
四、基本技能再回顧及應(yīng)用 (以上各種干擾項的特征牢記在心)
要求:
1。一定要控制自己不看原文直接選擇答案的沖動!
2。寫出每一個題目里面的錯誤類型,。
下面的各篇文章題目對我們以上講過的干擾選項的所有情形包含在內(nèi)了。要小心應(yīng)付。
Passage I.
In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn't any crime to worry about.
Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world's biggest community. A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up homes without fitting locks to their doors.
SATAN can try out a variety of well-known hacking (黑客的) tricks on an Internet site with-out actually breaking in. Farmer has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism. A person with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle (闖入……行竊).
But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder.
So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your computer.
At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage.
But let's look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the Internet is surely the world's biggest (almost) crime-free society. Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn't much to steal. Or because vandalism ( 惡意破壞) isn't much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone.
Whatever the reason, let's enjoy it while we can. But expect it all to change, and security to become the number one issue, when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for.
21. By saying “... owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors" (Lines 3-4, Para. 2), the author means that _____.
A) those happy times appear still to be with us 干擾伎倆: 答非所問+偷換范圍
B) there simply wasn't any crime to worry about 照抄原句 直接排除
C) many sites are not well-protected
D) hackers try out tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in 偏離定位句子,偷梁換柱。
破解思路:答案推理需結(jié)合已通讀部分(第一、二段首句)和文章主線(網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全)。
對比喻的理解,找出本體和寓體,然后對照寓體的性質(zhì)判斷本體的性質(zhì)。千萬不能直接選擇字面意思!
22. SATAN, a program designed by Dan Farmer can be used ____________.
A) to investigate the security of Internet sites
B) to improve the security of the Internet system
C) to prevent hackers from breaking into websites
D) to download useful programs and information
對原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行兩次定位,答案是對兩處信息的概括 investigative和… try out…
23. Farmer's program has been criticized by the public because .
A) it causes damage to Net browsers
B) it can break into Internet sites
C) it can be used to cause disorder on all sites
D) it can be used by people with evil intent
publicly 勉強(qiáng)算作一個定位提示,criticism 是關(guān)鍵。問題設(shè)置常見方式:同義替換。
24. The author's attitude toward SATAN is _____.
A) enthusiastic B) critical C) positive D) indifferent