2009考研英語大作文命題分析及各類題型解析

　　一、命題分析

　　短文寫作是研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試卷中沿用多年的寫作測試題型。根據(jù)大綱要求，考試題型主要有主題句作文、提綱作文、規(guī)定情景作文、圖表作文和圖畫作文五大類。與應(yīng)用文寫作相比，短文寫作對考生英語水平的要求更高：考生要在大約30分鐘內(nèi)寫出160~200詞的作文，要求主題突出，層次分明，文字通順，連貫性好，沒有或基本沒有語法錯(cuò)誤。這是對考生英語綜合運(yùn)用能力的考察。在考試過程中，考生要在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)對寫作要求進(jìn)行詳細(xì)解讀，精心構(gòu)思，擬出提綱，最后修改定稿，這樣才能寫出一篇令人滿意的文章。

　　短文寫作中考生應(yīng)注意文章是否切題，論據(jù)是否充分;在展開過程中應(yīng)注意各段內(nèi)容是否圍繞主題句展開，有無與主題無關(guān)的句子內(nèi)容;句子之間、段落之間的連接要自然，邏輯關(guān)系要清晰;句子結(jié)構(gòu)要保持完整，人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、動詞變化等要保持一致，單詞拼寫、大小寫，標(biāo)點(diǎn)要保證無誤。

　　二、題型解析

　　(一)主題句作文

　　主題句作文也叫做段首句作文，就是給出每一段的第一句話——往往是表達(dá)該段中心思想的主題句，然后考生加以擴(kuò)展發(fā)展成段，最后成篇。這種屬于控制性或指導(dǎo)性的作文，考生應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵循題目及各段首句展開思路，完成文章。

　　主題句作文的寫作可依照以下步驟進(jìn)行：

　　1、準(zhǔn)確理解文章標(biāo)題

　　標(biāo)題是文章主題的高度概括，限定了寫作范圍，考生的寫作應(yīng)以此展開。只有準(zhǔn)確理解文章標(biāo)題，寫作時(shí)才不會跑題，并把握文章的體裁。

　　2、找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞，確定段落內(nèi)容

　　段首句提供了該段的中心思想，但是為了把握段落擴(kuò)展的范圍和方向，為了保持和主題的一致性，考生一定要找出關(guān)鍵詞(key words)——關(guān)鍵詞是段落和文章的核心，文章是否切題，段落是否環(huán)環(huán)相扣，都與確定關(guān)鍵詞有關(guān)。

　　3、確定段落的發(fā)展方向

　　這一步就是要考慮文章的寫作方法，突出主題。要根據(jù)不同的段首句選擇不同的段落發(fā)展方法。主要方法有例證法、因果法、列舉法、比較法和對照法。這些方法的靈活運(yùn)用可以使文章脈絡(luò)清晰，邏輯性強(qiáng)。

　　4、搞清段落與文章之間的關(guān)系

　　給出的段首句實(shí)際上是文章的大體結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容。因此，應(yīng)通過對標(biāo)題和關(guān)鍵詞的分析來統(tǒng)籌各段的寫作內(nèi)容，避免內(nèi)容的重復(fù)。各段所選擇的擴(kuò)充材料也應(yīng)具有代表性，能夠充分證明、解釋主題句的內(nèi)涵。

　　【經(jīng)典范文】

　　Directions:

　　Title: Help Children to Be Independent

　　The topic sentence is provided as follows:

　　1) Today in China, many families have only one child.

　　2) There are some ways to help children to be independent.

　　3) To be independent is good for the children.

　　You should write 160~200 words.

　　Help Children to Be Independent

　　Today in China, many families have only one child. So the children usually doted upon by all family members. Gradually some of them get used to depending on their parents and lack the ability to solve problems independently.

　　There are some ways to help children to be independent. Firstly, the child should have a chance to see the world around him. He must understand that there�餽e various competitions in this world, and everyone can find his right position in the society only by individual efforts. Secondly, the parents should give the child enough help to make him feel comfortable. It's impossible to ask a child not to depend on parents at once. A child needs help from the beginning. Without any help, the child may lose his faith. Thirdly, parents should let his child make decisions, which can temper his ability to deal with problems. A child should be praised when he is successful or when he fails.

　　To be independent is good for the children, because no parents can accompany the children for the whole life. It is the child himself who is responsible for her own fate. Only an independent person can live and succeed in this world.

　　【練習(xí)】

　　Directions:

　　Title:Problem of Piracy

　　The topic sentence is provided as follows:

　　1) Nowadays, the problem of piracy has become more and more prominent.

　　2) Piracy has caused great loss to the writers, inventors and legitimate producers.

　　3) Even so, this problem has not received due attention yet.

　　You should write 160~200 words.

　　【答案】

　　Problem of Piracy

　　Nowadays, the problem of piracy has become more and more prominent. Books, tapes, videos and other high�瞭ech products almost all have been pirated. When a new product comes into market, very probably, its pirated counterpart will soon make its appearance in the market too.

　　Piracy has caused great loss to the writers, inventors and legitimate producers. Because the pirated products often cost much less than the genuine ones, they enjoy a pretty good selling in spite of their relatively poor quality. The genuine products, on the contrary, sell poorly. This happens especially to some high�瞭ech products, whose prices are often exorbitant. Then, in the case of the pirated editions of books, they are so misprinted. Sometimes they may even bring the names of their authors under dishonor.

　　Even so, this problem of piracy has not received due attention yet. Consumers have not developed the consciousness to resist the pirated products. Rather, they tend to be tempted by the great gap between the prices. Furthermore, the governments have not taken enough measures to stop piracy effectively. Really, we have a long way to go to fight against piracy.