3. However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,their behaviour became markedly different.
【譯文】 但是，當(dāng)兩個(gè)猴子被放在隔開但相鄰的兩個(gè)房間里，能夠互相看見對(duì)方用石頭換回來什么東西時(shí)，猴子的行為就會(huì)變得明顯不同。
【析句】 本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，開始是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，其中包含so that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句，而observe后面又是what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句；最后是主句their behavior become markedly different。
【講詞】 so that是一個(gè)連接詞，在英語中十分常見，可以表示目的。How do you raise your children so that they will have healthy relationships?（你怎樣培養(yǎng)孩子，以便使他們能夠建立健康的個(gè)人關(guān)系呢？）
markedly意為“明顯地，顯著地”，其形容詞形式為marked。He showed a marked lack of interest.（他表現(xiàn)出明顯的興趣不足。）
4. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all,the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber,or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.
【譯文】 如果一只猴子無需拿出代幣就能夠得到一顆葡萄，那么另外一只就會(huì)將代幣擲向研究人員或者扔出房間外，或者拒絕接受那片黃瓜。
【析句】 本句是一個(gè)是由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，主句是the other… slice of cucumber，其中包括三個(gè)并列的謂語成分，講述了猴子的三種反應(yīng)：一tossed her own token at the researcher，二（tossed her own token）out of the chamber，三refused to accept the slice of cucumber。
【講詞】 token意為“表示,象征,記號(hào),代幣”。例如：Tears are queer tokens of happiness.（眼淚是快樂的一種奇怪的表示。）另外，as a token of或in token of表示“作為……的標(biāo)志或象征”。We shook hands as a token of our friendship.（我們握手以表示我們的友誼。）by the same token表示“基于同樣的理由”。By the same token,our African friends are welcome to share with us their experiences and lessons relating to foreign direct investment attraction and the buildout of economic and technological development zones.（同樣，我們也愿意和非洲朋友們一起交流在吸引外資，建設(shè)經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)方面所取得的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)和失敗教訓(xùn)。）
5. However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.
【譯文】 但是，這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨(dú)立演化而成，還是來自三千五百萬前他們共同的祖先，這還是一個(gè)懸而未決的問題。
【析句】 本句的主語由whether…or whether（是……還是……）結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)，兩個(gè)whether各自引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語從句，而且后一個(gè)從句的賓語（ancestor）后接一個(gè)定語從句。全句的謂語由系動(dòng)詞(is)+表語(an unanswered question)構(gòu)成。as yet是一個(gè)插入語，意思是“迄今為止”。
【講詞】 stem作名詞主要表示“莖（干）、詞干、家系、干線”等。作動(dòng)詞時(shí)意為“滋生,阻止”。He put a huge effort into trying to stem the rebellion but to no effect.（他拼命想阻止叛亂，但是沒有成功。）注意stem from意為“出現(xiàn)”或“形成”。The CzechGerman declaration on mutual relations and their future development closed some of the controversial issues in CzechGerman relations stemming from the past.（捷克與德國關(guān)于相互關(guān)系及未來發(fā)展的聲明結(jié)束了兩國關(guān)系中的一些歷史爭端。）
