1.
(1) ... not so much...... as (but) ... 與其說……還不如說……
(2) ... not so much that.....as (but) that...... 與其說……還不如說……
(3) ... not so much as..... (=not even) 甚至于不……，連……也不……
(4) ... might as well ... as..... 與其說……還不如說……
例1：He is not so much a teacher as a scholar.
譯文：與其說他是老師，還不如說是學(xué)者。(注意翻譯時(shí)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象)
例2：It wasn't so much his appearance I liked as his personality.
譯文：與其說我喜歡他的外表，不如說我喜歡他的品格。
例3：It's not so much that I don't want to come but I just haven't got the time.
譯文：倒不是因?yàn)槲也幌雭�，而是我根本沒有時(shí)間。
例4：He didn't so much as say thank you after all we'd done for him.
譯文：我們?yōu)樗闪四敲炊嗍�，他甚至連謝謝都沒有說一聲。
例5：You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.
譯文：與其將錢借給他，還不如把錢丟進(jìn)大海。(注意翻譯時(shí)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象)
[注意]：more ... than ...
1) she is more beautiful than her sister. 她比她姐姐漂亮。
2) George is more intelligent than aggressive. 與其說喬治言行放肆，不如說他聰穎過人。
以上第1)句是more... than結(jié)構(gòu)的一般用法，即在兩個(gè)不同的事物之間就同一方面作比較；而第2)句是就同一個(gè)人的兩個(gè)不同方面作比較。因此要譯成“與其說……還不如說……”。
more...than結(jié)構(gòu)在上述1) 2)兩句中的用法也適用于less ... than結(jié)構(gòu)，得出相反的含義：
例如：
1) John is less daring than quick-witted. 與其說約翰膽大，不如說他腦子靈活。
2) George was less intelligent than aggressive. 與其說喬治聰穎過人，不如說他言行放肆。
2.幾個(gè)不定代詞的固定搭配：
have none of: 不參加；不準(zhǔn)；不接受
I will have none of your stupid ideas! 我才不接受你那愚蠢的想法！
He was offered a job but he said he’d have none of it. 他有一個(gè)工作機(jī)會(huì)，但他說他不接受。
none but (=nothing but): 只有 (=only)
None but the brave deserves the fair. 只有英雄才配得上美人。
She chose none but the best. 她只選最好的。
She is nothing but a child. 她只不過是個(gè)孩子。
none other than: (表示驚訝)不是別人，正是…… (= no one else but)
It’s none other than Tom! We thought you were in Africa.
none the +比較級(jí)詞+ for: 毫不，一點(diǎn)也不
He spent 2 weeks in hospital but he’s none the better for it.
他在醫(yī)院里待了兩個(gè)星期，但一點(diǎn)也沒好轉(zhuǎn)。
My car is none the worse for wear. 我的車子一點(diǎn)也沒有損耗。
none the wiser: 不知情
If we take only one piece of cake, mother will be none the wiser.
如果我們只拿一小塊蛋糕，母親是不會(huì)知道的。
none too: (在形容詞或副詞前) 不太；一點(diǎn)都不
The service in this restaurant is none too fast. 這家旅館的服務(wù)一點(diǎn)效率都沒有。
anything but: ①除---之外什么都(此處的but等于except)②決不(=not at all)
I eat anything but (except) fish. 除了魚，我什么都吃。
She is anything but a good cook. 她決不是個(gè)好廚師。(即：除了好廚師，她什么都是。)
anything of: ①(疑問句/條件句)一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)；②(否定句)一點(diǎn)也(沒有)
Is he anything of a poet? 他有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)詩人的樣子嗎？
I haven’t seen anything of him lately. 最近我沒有見過他。
for anything: (否定句)(給什么都)不，決不
I won’t go there for anything. 我決不去那里。
or anything: (意味著還有其他的可能性)
If Bernard wants to call me or anything, I’ll be here all day.
如果伯納德要找我或什么的，我整天都會(huì)在這兒。
if anything: 若有任何不同的話
If anything, my new job is harder than my old one.
要說有什么不同的話，我的新工作反而比舊工作要難些。
or something: 或什么的(表示說話者不能肯定)
She is a stewardess or something. 她是空姐或什么的。
something like: 有點(diǎn)像，大約
An airship is shaped something like a cigar. 飛船的形狀有點(diǎn)像雪茄。
something of a...: 多少有點(diǎn)，有幾分像，略懂
he’s something of a book collector. 他有幾分像書籍收藏家。
something to / in: (敘述等)有些道理
There’s something to / in what you say; I’ll take your advice.
你說的有些道理，我會(huì)接受你的建議
have / be something to do with: 與……有關(guān)
I think Guy Fawkes had / was something to do with a plan to blow up the bridge.
我想蓋佛克跟圖謀炸毀橋梁有關(guān)。
nothing but (= none but = only): 僅僅，只不過
We could see nothing but fog. 除了霧之外我們什么也看不見。
for nothing: ①免費(fèi)的； ②徒勞的； ③無緣無故的
She got the ticket for nothing. 她免費(fèi)得到那張票。
All our preparation for nothing! No one’s even come to the party.
我們?yōu)檠鐣?huì)所作的準(zhǔn)備都白費(fèi)了! 連一個(gè)人都沒來。
They quarreled for nothing. 他們無緣無故地爭吵。
make nothing of: (常和can一起用)不理解；不重視,輕視 (= think nothing of)
I could make nothing of the passage. 我不理解這篇文章。
He makes / thinks nothing of working ten hours a day. 他不在乎一天工作十小時(shí)。
to say nothing of: 更不用說(= not to mention / without mentioning)
Three people were badly hurt, to say nothing of damage to the building.
三個(gè)人受了重傷，建筑物的損害更不用說了。
have nothing to do with: 與……無關(guān)
I have nothing to do with the accident. 我與這場事故無關(guān)。
nothing if not: 格外地；非常地 (= very / much / extremely)
He was nothing if not clever. (= He was very clever.) 他格外聰明。
nothing of: 無……的部分；無……的氣質(zhì)
There was nothing of the lady in her behavior. 她的舉止根本沒有淑女的氣質(zhì)。
區(qū)別：
all but 幾乎，差一點(diǎn)，除……以外其余都是
but for要不是
but that+從句：若不是……
例1：She all but fainted when she heard the news.
譯文：她聽到這一消息時(shí)幾乎暈倒了。
注：此句中a11 but意為nearly，almost。
試對(duì)比：
All but the little children thought that the trip was exciting.
譯文：除了小孩，大家都認(rèn)為這次旅行是激動(dòng)人心的。
此句中all but意為a11 except。
例2：But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey.
譯文：要不是下雨，我們的旅行本來是愉快的。
例3：He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.
譯文：若不是他那時(shí)缺錢，他是會(huì)幫助我們的。
注1).but that引導(dǎo)的從句中謂語用陳述語氣。2).but that有靈活的譯法。如：Nothing would satisfy that child but that I place her on my lap.(那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在懷里。)
3.“名詞+or+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中or后的名詞是同位語，應(yīng)譯為“即……；或者稱……”
例1：Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.
譯文：再者，除機(jī)器外技術(shù)還包括技藝，即制作方法，而動(dòng)用這些技藝并不一定都需要機(jī)器。
4.“only + to do”意為“……，結(jié)果卻……”，即表示與句子謂語動(dòng)作的目的相反的結(jié)果。
例1: They don't have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only
to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.
譯文：他們不必花錢去戲院、電影院或歌劇院買價(jià)格很貴的票，(如果去了，)結(jié)果卻可能發(fā)現(xiàn)，所演的節(jié)目令人失望。
例2: They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled.
譯文：他們匆匆忙忙趕到那兒，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)會(huì)議被取消了。
5.not more / -er than 與 no more / -er than 結(jié)構(gòu)
比較：
John is not better than Tom.
John is no better than Tom.
前一句表示“約翰不比湯姆好”，屬于普通的比較結(jié)構(gòu)；后一例用了no 情況就不同了。no better than 相當(dāng)于as bad as，含義是兩人一樣壞。這里，“no + 形容詞或副詞比較級(jí) + than”所表示的可以說是該形容詞或副詞的反意。
例如： no richer than = as poor as 和……一樣窮
no bigger than = as small as 和……一樣小
no later than = as early as 和……一樣早
同樣地：
I have not taken more than six courses this semester.
I have taken no more than six courses this semester.
前一句的含義是本學(xué)期選的課不多于六門；后一句的含義是只選了六門。強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”。
上述結(jié)構(gòu)與表示前后都否定的no more...than (= not...any more than)又有所不同：
例：A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.(鯨和馬同樣不是魚。)
另外，在某些結(jié)構(gòu)中，單獨(dú)使用more than 也能表示否定概念：
例1：That is more than I can tell. 我簡直不能說。
例2：My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing. 我去北京不僅僅是旅游觀光而已。
6.no more...than... (= not...any more than) 和……—樣都不……(表示前后都否定)
例1：The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. 心臟和胃一樣都無智力可言，因?yàn)樗鼈兌际怯纱竽X控制的。
例2：There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
譯文：他們沒有理由限制你服用多少維他命，就像他們不能限制你喝多少水一樣。
例3：More and more Afro-Americans see him as a tricky enemy who has no more love for them than he has for the Congolese.
譯文：越來越多的美國黑人認(rèn)識(shí)到他是個(gè)詭計(jì)多端的敵人。他仇視美國黑人，正像他仇視剛果人民一樣。(直譯：…，他不愛美國黑人，正像他不愛剛果人一樣。)
注釋：not...any more than是no more...than的一種強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。
例如：
1) Jack is no more intelligent than John. (=Jack is not intelligent any more than John.)
杰克與約翰一樣都不聰明。
2) A man can no more fly than a bird can speak. (=A man cannot fly any more than a bird can speak.) 人不會(huì)飛翔，就像鳥不會(huì)說話一樣。
3) As a nation, the French are no more eager to 1earn about their wartime failings than are the Japanese. (=As a nation，the French are not eager to learn about their wartime failings any more than are the Japanese.)
作為一個(gè)國家，法國正如日本一樣不積極地從他們的戰(zhàn)爭失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)。
上述例句表明，no more...than并不表示比較，而是表示比喻，含有比喻意義的比較級(jí)用于否定時(shí)，than后面的從句不用否定式，但譯成漢語時(shí)要用否定式。而與上述句型意義相反的是：no less...than，意為：“和……同樣是……”。例如：
Human is no less an animal than a monkey is. 人和猴都是動(dòng)物。
而no less than 的意思為：“簡直是，實(shí)在是”，例如：
1) It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price. 如此索要高價(jià)，簡直是敲詐。
2) It is no less than a scandal. 這實(shí)在是一件丑聞。
7.not nearly (=by no means，far from) 遠(yuǎn)不
例1: The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
譯文：食品供應(yīng)將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)趕不上人口的增長，這就意味著我們?cè)诩Z食的生產(chǎn)和購銷方面正面臨危機(jī)。
注：1) this是指上面提到的“到21世紀(jì)初世界人口將增加到60億或70億”。2) 又如：There are not nearly enough people here to do the job.(這里的人手遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)工作。)
8.“更不用說”的表示法：
much less
still less
以上兩短語引導(dǎo)的詞組或從句，表示一種追加的否定，less是由little的比較級(jí)，所以這兩個(gè)詞組只能用于否定句中，可譯為“更不用說，更不必說”。
to say nothing of
not to speak of
not to mention
let alone
這四個(gè)詞組也意為 “更不用說”，也是一種追補(bǔ)的說法。但它們與much less和still less有所不同。這些詞組可以隨前一句的意思而定，即前一句是肯定，則追加的也是肯定意義；如果前一句是否定，則追加的是否定意義
例1：I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings.
譯文：我不能同意這種行為，更談不上參加這些行動(dòng)了。
例2：He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry.
譯文：他幾乎不懂?dāng)?shù)學(xué)，更不用說化學(xué)了。
例3：I did not even see him, still less (= much less) shake hands with him.
譯文：我看也沒有看見過他，哪里還談得上同他握手呢?
例4：In old China, here was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry.
譯文：在舊中國，幾乎沒有什么機(jī)器制造工業(yè)，更不用說電子工業(yè)了。
例5：Sally takes singing and dancing lessons, to say nothing of swimming and tennis lessons.
譯文：莎莉?qū)W了唱歌和舞蹈課，而且還學(xué)了游泳和網(wǎng)球課。
例6：At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not to speak of luxuries.
譯文：那時(shí)他連普通生活都不能維持，更不要說奢侈品了。
例7：They have three fine sons, not to speak of their two 1ovely daughters.
譯文：他們有了三個(gè)好兒子，而且還有兩個(gè)可愛的女兒。
例8：I don't know algebra or geometry，not to mention calculus.
譯文：我連代數(shù)、幾何都不懂，更不必說微積分了。
例9：A11 they have to do is press a button，and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.
譯文：他們所要做的只是按一下電鈕，就能看到各種戲劇、電影、歌劇和各式各樣的演出，而且還能看到各種政治辯論和最近舉行的激動(dòng)人心的足球賽。
例10：I can't add two and two, let alone do fractions.
譯文：我連2加2都不會(huì)，更不要說做分?jǐn)?shù)題了。
注意：美國成語詞典認(rèn)為let alone只能用于追加的否定。但是，有的詞典認(rèn)為，該短語也可以引導(dǎo)追加的肯定。例如：There were five people in the car, let alone the luggage and the two dogs.
9.nothing else than 完全是，實(shí)在是
例1: What the man said was nothing else than nonsense.
譯文：那人講的話完全是一派胡言。
例2: Your success was due to nothing else than your own diligence.
譯文：你的成功完全是由于你自己的勤奮。
10.It is not that...but that... 這不是說……，而是說……
例1: It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
譯文：這并不是說在一種情況下所使用的磅秤和另一種情況下所用的天平在構(gòu)造原理上或工作方式上存在差別，而是說與前者相比，后者是一種更精密得多的裝置，因而在計(jì)量上必然更加準(zhǔn)確。
11.can not...too... 再……也不過分
例1: We cannot be too careful of health. 我們無論如何注意健康也不為過。
例2: You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 你開車時(shí)再小心也不過分。
例3: We can not be too faithful to our duties. 我們必須盡力忠于職守。
12.other...than... 或other than... 不同于，非；除了
例l: Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined.
譯文：提煉礦石的廠房通常不是設(shè)在采礦石的國家而設(shè)在其它國家。
例2: Reactions other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought together.
譯文：當(dāng)這些反應(yīng)物放在一起時(shí)，常發(fā)生不希望有的一些反應(yīng)。(即：…常發(fā)生與希望有的反應(yīng)不同的反應(yīng)。)
例3: All parts of the house other than the windows were in good condition.
譯文：除了窗之外，屋子的其它部分都完好無損。
13. ... the last + n. + 不定式或定語從句：意為“…最不可能的……”
例1: She would be the last person to go along with the scheme.
譯文：她可能會(huì)是最不同意這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人。
例2: That's the last thing I'd expect you to do.
譯文：那是我最不期望你做的事情。
14.It is asserted that...有人斷言...
It is believed that... 據(jù)認(rèn)為....，人們相信....
It is considered that...有人認(rèn)為...
It is reported that...據(jù)報(bào)道...
It is said that...據(jù)說....
It is supposed that...據(jù)推測...
It is told that...據(jù)傳...
It appears that看來似乎...，好像...
It is well known that...眾所周知...
It is estimated that...據(jù)估計(jì)...
It was pointed out that...有人指出...
It is generally accepted that...人們通常認(rèn)為...，一般認(rèn)為...，大家公認(rèn)...
It is alleged that...人們斷言...
It is claimed that...有人主張...，人們要求...
It cannot be denied that...不可否認(rèn)
It has been found that...實(shí)踐證明
It is predicted that...據(jù)估計(jì)...，據(jù)預(yù)測...
It is suggested that...有人建議...
15.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，……
例：It goes without saying that in order to speak good English, we must first of all learn good pronunciation.
譯文：不言而喻，為了講好英語，首先必須學(xué)好發(fā)音。
16.It is common knowledge that… 眾所周知，……
例：It is common knowledge now that Chinese people are very intelligent.
譯文：眾所周知，中國人和很聰明。
17.It occurs to sb. that… (某人) 想起……
例1: It occurred to me suddenly that I had met him somewhere.
譯文：我突然想起在什么地方見過他。
例2: It occurred to me that she was jealous of me.
譯文：我突然發(fā)覺她嫉妒我。
