2013中小學(xué)英語教師招聘考試基礎(chǔ)知識復(fù)習(xí)資料5

　　第一篇 詞法

　　六、 介 詞

　　(一) 知識概要

　　介詞在英語中用法很活，也無一定規(guī)律可循。在初中范圍內(nèi)還應(yīng)學(xué)一個記住一個，特別是那些和動詞的特殊搭配。這樣長期下去不斷學(xué)習(xí)自然會總結(jié)出一套自己的規(guī)律來。下面是一般的規(guī)律，可幫助學(xué)習(xí)時參考，千萬不要作為定律去背誦，照搬。��

　　介詞 表示時間 表示地點方位 表示原因方式 其 他

　　about 大約在……時間��about five o'clock 在周圍，大約多遠(yuǎn)��about five kilometres 關(guān)于、涉及��

　　talk about you

　　above 高出某一平面��

　　above sea level

　　across 橫過 walk across the street對面 across the street

　　after 在……之后��

　　after supper

　　跟……后面��

　　one after another

　　追趕

　　run after you

　　against 背靠逆風(fēng)��

　　against the wall, against the wind

　　反對��

　　be against you

　　among 三者以上的中間��

　　among the trees

　　at 在某時刻��

　　at ten

　　在小地點��

　　at the school gate

　　表示速度��

　　at high speed

　　向著，對著��

　　at me

　　before 在……之前��

　　before lunch

　　位于……之前��

　　sit before me

　　behind 位于……之后��

　　behind the tree

　　below 低于……水平��

　　below zero

　　不合格��

　　below the standard

　　by 到……時刻，在……時刻之前

　　��by five o'clock

　　緊挨著��

　　site by site

　　乘坐交通工具��by air, by bick 被由��

　　was made by us

　　during 在……期間during the holidays

　　for 延續(xù)多長時間��

　　for five years

　　向……去��

　　leave for Shanghai 為了，對于

　　be good for you

　　from 從某時到……某時��from morning till night 來自何方��

　　from New York

　　由某原料制成be made from

　　來自何處��

　　where are you from

　　in 在年、月、周較長時間內(nèi)��in a week 在里面��

　　in the room

　　用某種語言��in English 穿著

　　in red

　　into 進入……里面��

　　walk into

　　除 分��

　　divide into

　　變動��

　　turn into water

　　near 接近某時��near five years 在……附近��near the park

　　of 用某種原料制成��

　　be made of

　　屬于……性質(zhì)��

　　a map of U. S .A

　　on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在……上面��

　　on the desk 靠吃……為生live on rice 關(guān)于��a book on Physics

　　over 渡過一整段時間��work over night 在上方

　　over the desk

　　超過， 高于��over five pairs

　　past 超過某一時刻��

　　ten past five

　　經(jīng)過某地��

　　walk past the park

　　since 從某時以來��

　　since 1980

　　原因��

　　Since you were ill

　　through 經(jīng)過某一時期��through his life 通過、穿過某地��

　　through the forest

　　till��until 直到某時為止��till five o'clock

　　to 差多少時間��

　　five to ten

　　問，到，去往��

　　to Shanghai

　　面對面��

　　face to face

　　給予give a book to me

　　under 在……下面��

　　under the desk

　　少于

　　under ten

　　在……管制之 下 under the rule

　　with 用某種工具��with a pen 帶著，具有

　　with me

　　without 沒有��

　　without air

　　(二) 正誤辨析

　　[誤] We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.

　　[正] We got to the top of the mountain at day break.

　　[析] at用于具體時刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。

　　[誤] Don't sleep at daytime��

　　[正] Don't sleep in daytime.

　　[析] in 要用于較長的一段時間之內(nèi)，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。

　　[誤] We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.

　　[正] We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.

　　[析] in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在這兩個短語中加入任何修飾詞其前面的介詞都要改為on, 如：on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th

　　[誤] He became a writter at his twenties��

　　[正] He became a writter in his twenties��

　　[析] 這句話應(yīng)譯為：他在20多歲時就成了作家。在某人的一段生活時間段中要用介詞in來表示，而在具體歲數(shù)時用at來表示。

　　[誤] He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.

　　[正] He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.

　　[析] 在具體年歲前用at, 如：at the age of 12， at your age， 等等。

　　[誤] We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.

　　[正] We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.

　　[析] 具體某一天要用介詞on, 又如：on New Year's Day

　　[誤] I'm looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.

　　[正] I'm looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.

　　[析] 在節(jié)日的當(dāng)天用on，而全部節(jié)日期間用at,Christmas是圣誕節(jié)期間，一般要有兩周或更長的時間。

　　[誤] I haven't see you during the summer holidays.

　　[正] I haven't seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.

　　[析] during表示在某一段時間之內(nèi)，所以一般不與完成時搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段時間，可以用于完成時，如：I haven't see you for a long time. 而through 用來表示時間時則為"整整，全部的時間"。如：It rained through the night.　而since則是表達(dá)主句動作的起始時間，一般要與完成時連用。

　　[誤] At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.

　　[正] On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.

　　[析] On 加動名詞表示"一……就"。本句的譯文應(yīng)是：我一進入教室就聽見這個好消息了。又如：on hearing… 一聽見， on arrival 一到達(dá)就……(on表示動作的名詞)

　　[誤] In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.

　　[正] At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.

　　[析] at the begining與at the end都是指某事物的開始與結(jié)束部分，均不指時間范圍，而in the beginning 則是指開始一段時間。in the end=at last是指"最終，終于"之意。

　　[誤] Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

　　[正] By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

　　[析] by 引起的時間狀語表示了動作的截止點，其意思為"不遲于某一時刻將工作做完"，所以主句一般是完成時態(tài)。當(dāng)然可以有將來時態(tài)，如：I'll be there by five o'clock.而till則表達(dá)其一動作一直持續(xù)到某一時刻，但句中的動詞一定要用持續(xù)性動詞，而瞬間的截止性動詞應(yīng)用其否定句式，如：I won't finish this work till(until) next weekend.

　　[誤] He came to London before last weekend.

　　[正] He had come to London before last weekend.

　　[正] He came to London two weeks ago.

　　[析] before 一般要與完成時連用，而ago則與一般過去時連用。

　　[誤] I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.

　　[正] I have studied English for three years since I came here.

　　[析] since用來表達(dá)主句動作的開始時間，所以其引出的從句中應(yīng)為過去時，而不能用完成時態(tài)

　　[誤] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.

　　[正] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.

　　[析] 中文經(jīng)常講兩小時之后來取，兩天內(nèi)會修好，而這個介詞在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，①after 多用于過去時，如：I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. ② after 加時間是表達(dá)一個不確定的時間范圍，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在許諾若干時間內(nèi)會完成某事時，一定要用介詞in。

　　[誤] Three days after he died.

　　[正] After three days he died.

　　[正] Three days later he died.

　　[析] after 與 later都可以用來表達(dá)一段時間之后，但它們所處的位置不同，after 在時間詞前，而later在時間詞后。

　　[誤] She hid herself after the tree.

　　[正] She hid herself behind the tree.

　　[析] after多用來表達(dá)某動作之后，所以有的語法書中稱它為動態(tài)介詞，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind則多用于靜態(tài)事物之后。

　　[誤] There is a beautiful bird on the tree.

　　[正] There is a beautiful bird in the tree.

　　[析] 樹上長出的果實，樹葉要用on, 而其他外來的人、物體均要用in the tree.

　　[誤] Shanghai is on the east of China.

　　[正] Shanghai is in the east of China.

　　[析] 在表達(dá)地理位置時有3個介詞：in, on, to。 in表示在某范圍之內(nèi); on表示與某地區(qū)接壤;to則表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China.

　　[誤] I arrived at New York on July 2nd.

　　[正] I arrived in New York on July 2nd.

　　[析] at用來表達(dá)較小的地方，而in用來表達(dá)較大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。

　　[誤] He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.

　　[正] He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.

　　[析] 在門牌號碼前要用at, 并要注意它的慣用法：at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。

　　[誤] There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.

　　[正] There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.

　　[析] 在屋內(nèi)的角落應(yīng)用in，而墻的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.

　　[誤] This weekend I'll stay in Uncle Wang's.

　　[正] This weekend I'll stay at Uncle Wang's.

　　[析] 要注意英文的特殊表達(dá)法，如：at a tailor's shop (裁縫店)=at a tailor's, 　at the doctor's (去看病) at the bookseller's (在書店) at uncle Wang's (在王叔叔家)

　　[誤] Do you know there is some good news on today's newspaper?

　　[正] Do you know there is some good news in today's newspaper?

　　[析] 在報紙上的新聞要用in, 而在具體某一版上，或某一頁上則要用on。

　　[誤] The school will begin on September 1st.

　　[正] School will begin on September 1st.

　　[析] 這里的school應(yīng)看作不可數(shù)名詞泛指學(xué)校的課程，即開學(xué)之意。要注意，有些活動場所當(dāng)表達(dá)正在從事該種活動時不要加冠詞，如：at table (吃飯)， When I came to Tom's home, they were at table. 還有： at desk (學(xué)習(xí))，at work (工作) at school (上學(xué))， in hospital (住醫(yī)院) at church 作禮拜　如加上定冠詞則另有他意，如：at the school 即在學(xué)校工作或辦事，in the hospital 即在醫(yī)院工作或去看望病人。

　　[誤] In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.

　　[正] On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.

　　[析] 譯文為：在去車站的路上我買了份報紙，為的是消磨時光　"在……的路上"應(yīng)用on one's way…。而 in the way 有擋道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。

　　[誤] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into.

　　[正] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in.

　　[正] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office.

　　[析] in是表達(dá)一個靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)，在與break連用時其后不加介詞賓語，而into則是動態(tài)介詞，與break連用時要加介詞賓語。

　　[誤] I'll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.

　　[正] I'll leave Beijing for Shanghai.

　　[正] I'll leave for Shanghai.

　　[析] leave for 是離開某地去某處的固定搭配，不可將for改為別的介詞。這樣的搭配還有：start for 動身前往某處，set out for， sail for。

　　[誤] I'm sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.

　　[正] I'm sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.

　　[析] get in, 與 get out是兩個相反的詞組。get in 為上車，而get out為下車，但語法家認(rèn)為這里的in與out為副詞，所以其后不能接名詞，我們可以講We'd better get in. 或We'd better get out. 還有一組詞組有關(guān)上下車：get on/off(a train, a ship, a struck) get into/out of (a car, taxi…)

　　[誤] Be careful�� The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.

　　[正] Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.

　　[析] over 與 above 在作為比某物高的意思時有時可以互換。但在垂直方向上的高矮時，即正上方時則要用above.而泛指上方時用over.

　　[誤] There is an old stone bridge above the river.

　　[正] There is an old stone bridge over the river.

　　[析] over還有一意為"跨越，橫跨"。

　　[誤] The Dead Sea is under the sea level.

　　[正] The Dead Sea is below the sea level.

　　[析] 在垂直下方要用below.　也就是講above與below互為反意詞，over與under也是反意詞。

　　[誤] There is a big tree in the front of the house.

　　[正] There is a big tree in front of the house.

　　[析] in front of 是在物體外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物體內(nèi)部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.

　　[誤] It took them two days to walk across the forest.

　　[正] It took them two days to walk through the forest.

　　[析] across 作為介詞有兩個主要意思：① 橫過，如：I want to walk across the street.② 對面，如：There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三維空間中的穿越。across則多用于平面上的橫過。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.

　　[誤] The sun sets toward the west.

　　[正] The sun sets in the west.

　　[析] towards也可用作toward，它主要表達(dá)朝向某方向運動，但不一定到達(dá)，如：He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east, west, north, south 時，其前面要用in。要注意的是這4個詞可以用作副詞，如：I went south. 也可用作名詞，如：I went to the south.也可用作形容詞，如：I went to the south part of China.

　　[誤] Do you have no other clothes except those?

　　[正] Do you have no other clothes besides those?

　　[析] beside 是"在……旁邊"，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是"除……之外，不僅……而且……，除了……以外還有……"， 如：I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而except 則是從同一類物體中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同種類的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that則要加從句。

　　[誤] Can I write the exam paper with ink?

　　[正] Can I write the exam paper with a pen?

　　[正] Can I write the exam paper in ink?

　　[析] with后要加拿得起來放得下的工具，而墨水、顏料等原料則要用in。

　　[誤] I'm earlier today. I came here by his car.

　　[正] I'm earlier today. I came here in his car.

　　[析] 在交通工具前加介詞by，但不能再有任何指示代詞或冠詞，否則要改換相應(yīng)的介詞�！�by taxi=in a taxi

　　by train=in a train

　　by bicycle=on a bicycle

　　by ship=on a ship

　　by boat=in a boat

　　by bus=on a bus

　　by plane=on a plane

　　by air 空運

　　by land 陸運

　　by sea 海運

　　on foot on horseback

　　by phone by letter by radio

　　by air mail by hand

　　[誤] A lot of French wines are made of grape.

　　[正] A lot of French wines are made from grape.

　　[析] made of 是指由原材料到成品過程中原材料未發(fā)生質(zhì)地的變化，而發(fā)生了某種變化則要用from,如：The desk was made of hard wood.

　　[誤] This is a good dictionary in English grammar.

　　[正] This is a good dictionary on English grammar.

　　[析] 關(guān)于某方面的書籍、報告等有兩個介詞，其中on表示某專業(yè)用書，about則為某方面的普通讀物，如：This is a book about physics.即物理科普知識。

　　[誤] Do you have the key of the door.

　　[正] Do you have the key to the door.

　　[析] key to the door門的鑰匙。相同用法還有answer to the question, entrance to the highway, danger to health.千萬不要用of。

　　[誤] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.

　　[正] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.

　　[析] have interest in是在某方面有興趣。

　　[誤] I didn't do my homework, so the teacher was angry to me.

　　[正] I didn't do my homework, so the teacher was angry with me.

　　[析] be angry with其后接人，而be angry at其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said.

　　[誤] He was good for skating.

　　[正] He was good at skating.

　　[析] be good at 為"擅長某事"，而be good for somebody為對某人很好。

　　[誤] It was good to you to help my little boy.

　　[正] It was good of you to help my little boy.

　　[析] 這句話應(yīng)譯為：你真太好了，幫助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是對某人態(tài)度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone.

　　[誤] My parents were very pleased at me.

　　[正] My parents were very pleased with me.

　　[正] My parents were very pleased at my studying.

　　[析] be pleased with后加somebody, 而be pleased at后加something。

　　[誤] He is agree with me.

　　[正] He agrees with me.

　　[誤] He againsts me.

　　[正] He is against me.

　　[析] 同意agree為動詞，而反對against則為介詞。在使用中一定要注意。

　　[誤] I haven't heard letters from him.

　　[正] I haven't heard from him.

　　[析] hear from 即為：從某人處得到信件。不要再加letter了。

　　[誤] Teacher. May I call at you this weekend?

　　[正] Teacher. May I call on you this weekend?

　　[析] 作為"拜訪"講call at其后接地點，如：May I call at your home this weekend?而call on其后接人。

　　[誤] Do you know the girl on white?

　　[正] Do you know the girl in white?

　　[析] in white為穿一身白。與in有關(guān)的詞組有：in bed(睡覺)，in hospital(住院)，in a hurry(匆匆忙忙)，in danger(危險中),in joy (高興)，in good health(身體好)，in love(戀愛)，in trouble(困境)，與之相反的是out of ,如：out of trouble (擺脫困境)，out of date(過時了)， out of order(出故障)

　　[誤] He looked at me at surprise.

　　[正] He looked at me in surprise.

　　[析] surprise的用法一般有三種。①用于句首，To one's surprise, 如：To my surprise he succeeded. ② be surprised at, 如：I was surprised at the news. ③用于句尾in surprise.

　　[誤] She didn't come to school because of she was ill.

　　[正] She didn't come to school because she was ill.

　　[析] because of 后接名詞，如：The game was put off because of the rain.