考研英語閱讀理解精讀100篇【社會文化類】

考研英語閱讀理解精讀100篇之社會文化類

Unit 15

It was a brief, shining moment in Egypt's history--a time of epochal change presided over by a Pharaoh named Akhenaten and his beautiful wife Nefertiti. During his 17-year reign the old gods were cast aside, monotheism was introduced, and the arts liberated from their stifling rigidity. Even Egypt's capital was moved to a new city along the Nile called Akhetaten (modern Amarna). But like Camelot, it was short-lived, and its legacy was buried in the desert sands.

Now Akhenaten's 3,400-year-old world has been brilliantly recalled in an exhibit titled "Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamen," which opens this week at Boston's Museum of Fine Arts. Part of the city's eight-month tribute to ancient Egypt (operas, ballet and an IMAX film), it is a unique assemblage of more than 250 objects from Egypt's 18th dynasty, some of which have languished unseen in storerooms and private collections for decades. They range from larger-than-life statues of Akhenaten to exquisitely sculpted reliefs and dazzling jewelry to such poignant reminders of everyday life as a perfectly preserved child's sandal.

The exhibit illuminates a murky period in Egyptian history that curator Rita Freed describes as having "all the elements of a soap opera." When Amenhotep IV, as he was originally called, ascended the throne in 1353 B.C., Egypt was a flourishing empire, at peace with its neighbors. Yet there were troubling signs. His father Amenhotep III had already challenged the powerful priesthood by proclaiming the sun god Aten as foremost among Egyptian deities and himself as his living incarnation.

His son shook things up even more, not only changing his name to honor the new god (Akhenaten means "one who serves Aten") but also banishing the older gods, especially the priestly favorite Amen. Some scholars believe Akhenaten's monotheism, a historic first, inspired the Hebrew prophets, but it had the more immediate effect of freeing Egypt's artists. They could now portray the Pharaoh and the voluptuous Nefertiti (who may have shared the throne with him) in a far more casual, realistic way. Akhenaten's cone-shaped head, elongated face, fingers and toes, pot belly and flaring hips have led some scholars to suggest that he had hydrocephalus or Marfan's syndrome.

He was certainly a revolutionary, propelled either by madness or by great vision. Still, his changes did not endure. After his death, his son-in-law (and perhaps son) Tutankhamen moved the political and religious capitals back to Memphis and Thebes respectively and reinstated the old gods. Egyptian art returned to its classic, ritualized style. And like Camelot, Akhenaten's once bustling capital became only a mythic memory. "Pharaohs of the Sun" will remain in Boston until February, then travel to Los Angeles, Chicago and Leiden, the Netherlands.

注（1）：本文選自Time；11/22/99, p78；
注（2）：本文習題命題模仿對象2004年真題text 4；

1.       Which of the following event did not happen during Akhenaten’s reign over Egypt?

[A] He banished the older gods.
[B] People had to worship one god--- the sun god Aten.
[C] Egyptian artists suffered from a more casual, realistic way of portraying.
[D] He built a new capital along the Nile.

2.       We can learn from the text that in Boston, many activities are held as tribute to ancient
Egypt except ________.

[A] pageant
[B] ballet
[C] operas
[D] movie

3.       The views of Akhenaten and his father on the sun god Aten are _____.

[A] opposite
[B] controversial
[C] complementary
[D] similar

4.       Tutankhamen, according to the text, probably ________.

[A] moved the political capital back to Thebes
[B] gave the older gods back their previous position
[C] might had got some disease that made his face longer than the healthy people
[D] moved the religious capital back to Memphis

5.       What can we learn about the exhibit on ancient Egypt’s 18th dynasty?

[A] It mainly consists of statues of the pharaohs of that time.
[B] It will last for eight months in Boston.
[C] It is very enlightening for people to know that period.
[D] The objects on the exhibit used to be stored in private collection.

答案：CADBC

篇章剖析
本篇文章以正在波士頓舉辦的一場展覽為引子，采用敘述的寫法，帶領(lǐng)讀者重溫了3400年前古埃及一段輝煌的歷史。第一段簡介了太陽神法老統(tǒng)治時期埃及社會發(fā)生的變化，接著在第二段中說明波士頓正在舉辦古埃及周，其中包括一場展覽，第三、四段詳細說明兩任法老所做的變革，最后一段說變革持續(xù)時間不長。

詞匯注釋
epochal: [] adj. 劃時代的
monotheism: [] n. 一神論
languish: [] v. 持續(xù)不前；毫無進展
poignant: [] adj. 深刻的；傷感的
murky: []] adj. 昏暗的；不明朗的
curator: [] n.（美術(shù)館）館長
incarnation: [] n. 化身
banish: [] v. 拋棄；廢除
voluptuous: [] adj. 妖冶的；性感的
hydrocephalus: [] n. 腦積水
Camelot: [] 傳說中的地名，在英格蘭西南部，阿瑟和他的武士們曾居住于此

難句突破
1. Part of the city’s eight-month tribute to ancient Egypt (operas, ballet and an IMAX film), it is a unique assemblage of more than 250 objects from Egypt’s 18th dynasty, some of which have languished unseen in storerooms and private collections for decades.( Line 3, Paragraph 2)
主體句式：it is a unique assemblage…
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這是一個包含同位語和定語從句的長簡單句。其中 “Part of the city’s…”是主語it（指展覽）的同位語，定語從句  “some of which have ….”修飾名詞 objects。
句子譯文：這次展覽只是波士頓為期8個月的致意古埃及活動中的一部分（其它形式還有歌劇、芭蕾、一部IMAX電影）。這次獨特的展覽展出了埃及第18個王朝的250多件物品，其中有些物品幾十年來一直深藏于博物館或為私人所藏而不得面世。
2. They range from large-than-life statues of Akhenaten to exquisitely sculpted reliefs and dazzling jewelry to such poignant reminders of everyday life as a perfectly preserved child’s sandal.
主體句式： They range from … to … and … to such … as …
句子分析：其中最后一個to接的是“such…as”短語。
句子譯文：展品包羅萬象，既有阿肯納坦比真人還大的雕像，做工精致的浮雕，又有令人眼花繚亂的珠寶首飾，甚至還有日常生活起居用品，比如一只保存完好的童鞋。

題目分析
1．答案是C， 屬事實細節(jié)題。第一段提到“l(fā)iberated from their stifling rigidity”，解放了埃及藝術(shù), 第四段提到“They could portray … in a far more casual, realistic way”, 使藝術(shù)家可以更真實隨意的畫像，而不是束縛他們。
2. 答案是A, 屬事實細節(jié)題。第二段提到慶祝形式有operas, ballet 和an IMAX film, 未提pageant。
3．答案是D，屬判斷推理題。從第三、四段可以看出他們都只推崇太陽神。
4. 答案是B, 屬事實細節(jié)題。從最后一段“Tutankhamen moved the political and religious capitals back to Memphis and Thebes respectively and reinstated the old gods.”可以看出。注意respectively的意思是“分別”。另外，得腦積水的是Akhenaten.
5. 答案是C，屬事實細節(jié)題。從第二段可知展品的具體情況。從最后一句可知展覽持續(xù)到明年二月份。

參考譯文
這是埃及歷史上短暫輝煌的時期，是法老阿肯納坦和他美麗的妻子奈菲提提統(tǒng)治下發(fā)生劃時代變革的時期。在他17年的統(tǒng)治期間，以往的多神論被摒棄，一神論被引入，藝術(shù)也從令人窒息的一成不變中解脫出來，甚至埃及的首都也遷到尼羅河邊的新城市阿肯納坦（現(xiàn)阿瑪納）。不過同卡蒙洛的結(jié)局一樣，這個時期持續(xù)時間不長，其遺跡也淹沒于漫漫黃沙。

現(xiàn)在，3400年前阿肯納坦時代的輝煌將在波士頓美術(shù)館被人們重溫。這兒正舉辦“太陽神法老：阿肯納坦、奈菲提提、塔坦卡門”展覽。這次展覽只是波士頓為期8個月的致意古埃及活動中的一部分（其它形式還有歌劇、芭蕾、一部IMAX電影）。這次獨特的展覽展出了埃及第18個王朝的250多件物品，其中有些物品幾十年來一直深藏于博物館或為私人所藏而不得面世。展品包羅萬象，既有阿肯納坦比真人還大的雕像，做工精致的浮雕，又有令人眼花繚亂的珠寶首飾，甚至還有日常生活起居用品，比如一只保存完好的童鞋。

這次展覽向世人展示了埃及歷史上一段不為人所熟知的時期，一段被館長瑞塔•弗瑞稱為擁有“肥皂劇全部要素”的時期。當阿蒙赫特普四世——阿肯納坦本來叫這名字——公元1353年上臺執(zhí)政時，埃及國運昌盛，同鄰國友好相處。但也有征兆表明要出亂子。他的父親阿蒙赫特普三世已經(jīng)質(zhì)疑勢力強大的教會。他宣稱太陽神阿坦是埃及諸神中最具威力的神靈。他本人則是太陽神的轉(zhuǎn)世化身。

他兒子做的更甚。他不僅把自己的名字改為阿肯納坦（意為阿坦的仆人）以表示對太陽神的敬意，而且不許人們崇拜以往的神靈，特別是教會的至愛阿門神。有些學者認為阿肯納坦倡導的一神論——歷史上前無古人的做法——啟發(fā)了希伯來先知，但它對埃及的藝術(shù)發(fā)展則有更為直接的影響。它解放了埃及藝術(shù)家�，F(xiàn)在他們可以更為真實隨意的描畫法老和妖艷性感的奈菲提提（或許曾和阿肯納坦共同執(zhí)政）。阿肯納坦的頭圓錐形，臉、手指和腳趾較常人略長，大腹便便，臀部肥大，這使得某些學者認為他曾得過腦積水。

不管他的所作所為是瘋狂所致還是由于遠見卓識，他都稱得上一位變革者。但這變革卻沒能持久。在他死后，他的女婿（或許也是兒子）塔坦卡門把政治中心移回孟斐斯，宗教中心移回底比斯。那些被摒棄的舊神重新歸位，埃及藝術(shù)又回到拘泥呆板的古典風格。正如卡蒙洛一樣，阿肯納坦時曾經(jīng)繁華熙攘的首都現(xiàn)在只是神話中的記憶罷了�！疤�陽神法老”展覽在波士頓持續(xù)到二月份，然后在前往洛杉璣、芝加哥、荷蘭的雷登市。
考研英語閱讀理解精讀100篇unit16
Unit 16
Amy High is decked out in the traditional pink dress and golden stole of ancient Rome. She bursts into a third-grade classroom and greets her students: "Salvete, omnes!" (Hello, everyone!) The kids respond in kind, and soon they are studying derivatives. "How many people are in a duet?" High asks. All the kids know the answer, and when she asks how they know, a boy responds, "Because duo is 'two' in Latin." High replies, "Plaudite!" and the 14 kids erupt in applause. They learn the Latin root later, or side, and construct such English words as bilateral and quadrilateral. "Latin's going to open up so many doors for you," High says. "You're going to be able to figure out the meaning of words you've never seen before."

High teaches at Providence Elementary School in Fairfax City, Va., which has a lot riding on the success of her efforts. As part of Virginia's high-stakes testing program, schools that don't boost their scores by the year 2007 could lose state funding. So Fairfax City, just 18 miles southwest of the White House, has upgraded its two crumbling elementary schools with new high-tech television studios, computer labs and one very old feature--mandatory Latin.

Here lies one of the more counterintuitive developments of the standardized-testing movement: Though some critics complain that teachers are forced to dumb down their lessons and "teach to the test," some schools are offering more challenging course work as a way of engaging students. In the past three years, scores of elementary schools in high-stakes testing states such as Texas, Virginia and Massachusetts have added Latin programs. Says Allen Griffith, a member of the Fairfax City school board: "If we're trying to improve English skills, teaching Latin is an awfully effective, proved method."

This is not your father's Latin, which was taught to elite college-bound high schoolers and drilled into them through memorization. Its tedium and perceived irrelevance almost drove Latin from public schools. Today's growth in elementary school Latin has been spurred by new, interactive oral curriculums, enlivened by lessons in Roman mythology and culture. "One thing that makes it engaging for kids is the goofy fun of investigating these guys in togas," says Marion Polsky, author of First Latin: A Language Discovery Program, the textbook used in Fairfax City.

Latin enthusiasts believe that if young students learn word roots, they will be able to decipher unfamiliar words. (By some estimates, 65% of all English words have Latin roots.) Latin is an almost purely phonetic language. There are no silent letters, and each letter represents a single sound. That makes it useful in teaching reading. And once kids master the grammatical structure of Latin--which is simple, logical and consistent--they will more easily grasp the many grammatical exceptions in English.

注（1）：本文選自Time；12/11/2000, p61；
注（2）：本文習題命題模仿對象2002年真題text 4；

1.       From the first Paragraph we learn that _____.

[A] the students show little interest in learning Latin
[B] the students say hello to their teacher in Latin
[C] Amy High teaches the students to read Bible in Latin
[D] learning English is unnecessary if you have perfectly mastered Latin

2.       Which of the following statements is not true according to the text?

[A] The testing program is crucial to the schools.
[B] Latin is compulsory to the elementary schools students in Fairfax City.
[C] Providence Elementary School will not get state funding this year.
[D] Fairfax City government had done a lot to equip its elementary schools.

3.       According to Allen Griffith, Latin _______.

[A] has little to do with English
[B] is very helpful to one’s learning English
[C] will replace English in the near future
[D] should be taught to kids even when they are in elementary school

4.       Which of the following best defines the word “plaudite”?

[A] Great.
[B] Sorry.
[C] Class is over.
[D] Sad.

5.       One reason for Latin enthusiasts to support young students’ learning Latin is _______.

[A] Latin has a longer history than English
[B] Latin has less word roots
[C] every letter in English word represent a single sound
[D] it is easier to grasp Latin grammar

答案：BCBAD

篇章剖析
本篇文章以一堂生動的小學拉丁語課開始，通過實際例子和專家的看法，得出學拉丁語可以幫助學好英語的結(jié)論。第二段指出某些州的小學為了繼續(xù)得到州政府的財政支持，不得不在小學增添拉丁語。第三段講雖然有人批評這種考察學校的制度，但強制學拉丁語的學校考試成績確實提高了很多。第四段指出現(xiàn)在和過去學習拉丁語的不同點。最后一段列出支持學拉丁語的原因。

詞匯注釋
deck: [] v. 裝飾，點綴
stole: [] n. 披肩
high-stake adj. 高風險的
mandatory: [] adj. 強制的，命令的
dumb down 簡單化
goofy: [] adj. 好玩的
toga: [] n. （古羅馬男子穿的）寬松長袍
decipher: [] v. 解釋

難句突破
So Fairfax City, just 18 miles southwest of the White house, has upgraded its two crumbling elementary schools with new high-tech television studios, computer labs and one very old feature--- mandatory Latin.
主體句式：Fairfax City has upgraded its elementary schools…
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這是一個包含同位語的簡單句。句子主干是“Fairfax City… has upgraded its …schools with….”
句子譯文：所以白宮西南方18英里的費凡思市更新了兩所破落小學的設(shè)備，新添了高科技的視聽室，電腦試驗室，還有非常老套的一招——強制學習拉丁語。

題目分析
1．答案是B, 屬事實細節(jié)題。從第一段可看出學生對拉丁語很感興趣�！眎n kind” 的意思是“同樣的”。
2．答案是C，屬事實細節(jié)題。細讀第二段可發(fā)現(xiàn)所有細節(jié)�！癶igh-stake” 指“高風險的”，有可能失去很多，也有可能得到很多； “mandatory”指“強制的，命令的”。
3．答案是B，屬推理判斷題。從“If we’re trying to improve English skills, teaching Latin is an awfully effective, proved method.” 可以清楚知道他的看法。
4．答案是A，屬猜測意義題。從“…the 14 kids erupt in applause” 可以看出他答對了，老師應該是表揚他。
5．答案是D，屬歸納推理題。從最后一段可知，大多數(shù)英語單詞都有拉丁詞根，拉丁語中的每個字母都發(fā)音，拉丁語法更簡單，有邏輯。

參考譯文
艾米•海身著古羅馬傳統(tǒng)的粉色外套，金色披肩，沖進三年級教室和學生打招呼: “Salvete, omnes!” （大家好�。�學生們也用同樣的語言向她問好，然后他們開始學習派生詞�！癉uet指幾個人？”海問道。孩子們都知道答案, 海問他們怎么知道。一個男孩答到：“因為拉丁語duo意思是‘兩個’”�！罢姘�！”海說道。14個孩子使勁鼓掌。他們又學了拉丁詞根later（意思是“邊”），并且組成了英語單詞bilateral（雙邊的）和 quadrilateral（四邊的）�！袄�丁語會為你們打開許多扇門”， 海說，“即使你碰到從未見過的詞，你也能猜出它的意思�！�

海在弗吉尼亞州費爾法克斯市的天佑小學任教。由于她的努力，這所學校學生成績有了很大改觀。弗吉尼亞州制訂了對學校而言生死攸關(guān)的測試計劃，其中一條是任何2007年成績不能提高的學校將得不到州政府的資助。所以白宮西南方18英里的費爾法克斯市更新了兩所破落小學的設(shè)備，新添了高科技的視聽室，電腦試驗室，還有非常老套的一招——強制學習拉丁語。

標準化考試運動違背本能的一面即在于此：雖然有批評家抱怨老師被迫簡化所講課程以求人人都能聽懂，“只為考試而教學”，可有些學校卻講授更難的課程來吸引學生。過去三年里，一些對州內(nèi)學校實行生死評價的州，比如得克薩斯州、弗吉尼亞州、馬薩諸塞州，他們的小學總評里已經(jīng)把拉丁語包括在內(nèi)。費爾法克斯市一位學校董事艾倫•格瑞費思說，“要想提高英語水平，學習拉丁語是一種被證明非常奏效的方法�！�

這當然不是你父輩那時的拉丁語。那時學拉丁語的都是想上大學、學習拔尖的高中生，通過死記硬背、反復操練來學習。學起來枯燥乏味，學的人又覺得學了也沒多大意義，搞的公立學校幾乎都不開拉丁語課了�，F(xiàn)在開拉丁語課的小學又多起來，主要是由于新穎互動著重口語的授課模式以及精彩的羅馬神話及文化吸引著學生�！昂⒆觽冇X得調(diào)查那些穿長袍的人有無窮的樂趣，這一點使他們對拉丁語著迷�！蹦獋�•鮑斯基說。他是目前費爾法克斯市使用的拉丁語教科書《第一拉丁語：語言探索項目》的作者。

熱衷學習拉丁語的人認為，如果學生學會詞根，認識生詞就不成問題。（據(jù)估計，65%的英語單詞包含拉丁詞根。）拉丁語幾乎是純粹的語音語言，即單詞中沒有不發(fā)音的字母，每個字母都有固定的發(fā)音。這在教學生閱讀時很有用。而且，一旦孩子們掌握了拉丁語的語法結(jié)構(gòu)——簡單，有邏輯，前后一致，在學習英語的語法就容易多了。
考研英語閱讀理解精讀100篇unit17
Unit 17
His bio reads like a rock star's. A precocious talent, he never married because, he said, it would have hurt his career. But he moved his girlfriend in with him while he worked his last gig--then died at the age of 37 from a fever brought on, some said, by carnal excess. The great painter Raphael (1483-1520) was one of the big three of Italy's high Renaissance, along with Leonardo da Vinci (whose work he admired and studied closely) and Michelangelo (with whom he carried on a vigorous, if all too brief, competition to be the Vatican's favorite artist). He didn't seem, however, to have a superstar's attitude. The pope was his patron, and acquaintances described him as "sensible," "well mannered," "genial" and "sweet." On his deathbed, he bequeathed his mistress enough money to live "honorably" for the rest of her life. And he painted her portrait--one of the great paintings of all time, right up there with the "Mona Lisa"--as a final, loving tribute.

At least that's how the legend goes. That portrait--which is touring the United States for the first time--constitutes a one-picture exhibition at the Frick Collection in New York through Jan. 30 (it will travel to Houston and Indianapolis). Certainly, "La Fornarina" ("baker's daughter") comes from the hand of the incomparable Raphael. The gently tilting composition is perfect, the color finely balanced and the lady's skin alabaster and flawless. (Raphael got so good with the then new medium of oil paint that his technique became known as sprezzatura, meaning, roughly, to hide with technical facility exactly how anything is done.) In the classic Venus gesture of simultaneously trying to cover up and to showcase her erotic attributes (including a belly button under gauze), she glances coyly to the side at, one presumes, a lover. "La Fornarina," the renowned art historian and MacArthur fellow Leo Steinberg explains, "is the closest thing to soft porn in the high Renaissance." But whether the seminude lady depicted is actually the baker's daughter who was Raphael's love remains a mystery.

Is Raphael himself the object of her gaze? Most people--including several British critics reviewing the big Raphael exhibition currently at the National Gallery in London--like to think so. Since live women models weren't generally available five centuries ago, the reasoning goes, the lady's posing undressed for Raphael must have been an intimate act. Besides, what else can the artist's proprietary name on her armband mean? But the experts remain divided. With a fine disregard for attendance-boosting hype, Rome museums commissioner Claudio Strinati ("La Fornarina" usually resides at the Palazzo Barberini in Rome) lays out a less titillating hypothesis in a booklet accompanying the Frick display.

A recent cleaning of the painting reveals a wedding ring on the lady's left hand; Raphael's final and most prominent patron, the Sienese banker Agostino Chigi, had just been married to one Francesca Ardeasca. Raphael's name on the armband, Strinati says, is a tribute to Chigi. He concludes that "La Fornarina" is Ardeasca. Unfortunately, no other portraits of Chigi's bride exist to confirm the ID. As Steinberg says, "It's all an attractive myth, and like all myths it depends for interpretation on levels of reliable gossip." Whatever one believes, "La Fornarina" is still a sweetheart of a painting.

注（1）：本文選自Newsweek；12/13/2004, p68-68；
注（2）：本文習題命題模仿對象2002年真題text 3；

1.       The mystery of the woman lies in her ______.

[A] beauty
[B] unknown identity
[C] seminude body
[D] intimate relationship with Raphael

2.       It can be inferred from the text that ______.

[A] Raphael behaved like a superstar
[B] Raphael died young because of overwork
[C] Raphael enjoyed greater popularity than Michelangelo
[D] one of his paintings achieves as great fame as “Mona Lisa”.

3.       The vivid descriptions of the painting “La Fornarina” show that _____.

[A] Raphael is good at soft porn
[B] Raphael develops a special feeling towards the baker’s daughter.
[C] oil paint was not popular then
[D] Raphael’s painting technique has reached maturity in the painting

4.       We can draw a conclusion from the third paragraph that______.

[A] there is sound evidence to believe there exists an intimacy between Raphael and the woman in the painting
[B] live women models were nowhere to find in Raphael’s time
[C] nude models were easily available in Italy in Renaissance
[D] it is generally agreed between experts that the woman is Raphael’s mistress

5.       From the text, we can see that the writer _____.

[A] shows curiosity towards the identity of the woman in the painting
[B] is a Renaissance art historian
[C] strongly support the idea that “La Fornarina” is one of Raphael’s mistress
[D] thinks low of Raphael’s technique in the painting

篇章剖析
本文以對畫壇巨匠拉斐爾的簡介開始，重點討論了他的畫作《福爾娜瑞娜》中神秘女郎的身份問題。第一段簡單介紹了拉斐爾及其在畫壇上的地位，并引出油畫《福爾娜瑞娜》。第二段對這幅畫進行了細膩描寫。第三段列出人們對畫中女郎身份的不同看法。第四段指出無論畫中女郎是誰，這幅畫都是一幅精品。

詞匯注釋
precocious: [] adj. 早熟的
gig: [] n. 為生計而做的工作
carnal: [] adj. 肉體的；性的
genial: [] adj. 和藹可親的
bequeath:[] v. 遺贈
alabaster: [] adj. （皮膚）光滑細膩的
erotic: [] adj.  挑逗的；性感的
gauze:[] n. 薄紗
proprietary: [] adj. 專有的；所屬的
titillate: [] v. 挑逗，使人興奮

難句突破
1.       The gently tilting composition is perfect, the color finely balanced and the lady’s skin
alabaster and flawless.
主體句式：the …composition is perfect, the color … balanced and … skin alabaster and flawless.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這句后半句是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分別在“finely”和 “skin”后省略了“is”。
句子譯文：那微微傾斜的身體，那明暗協(xié)調(diào)的色彩，那光滑細嫩、白玉無暇的肌膚，一切都那么完美。
2.       In the Venus gesture of simultaneously trying to cover up and to showcase her erotic attributes (including a belly button under gauze), she glances coyly to the side at, one presumes, a lover.
主體句式：she glances … to the side at … a lover.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這句話中，“cover up” 和“showcase”并列，它們的賓語是“erotic attributes”；主句中“one presume”是插入語。  
句子譯文：畫中女郎經(jīng)典的維納斯式手勢既試圖遮掩又意欲表現(xiàn)自己的性感一面。（還有薄紗下面若隱若現(xiàn)的肚臍。）她害羞地朝一側(cè)望去。有人猜測是看她的情人。

題目分析
1．答案是B，屬推理判斷題。從最后兩段可以清楚知道對畫中女郎的身份有各種不同的猜測。
2．答案是D，屬推理判斷題。從第一段對Raphael的細節(jié)介紹中可得出答案。
3．答案是D，屬推理判斷題。對這幅油畫精品的細致描寫只有一個目的，就是展示的天才般的繪畫技巧。從第二段“Raphael got so good with the then new medium of oil paint that his technique became known as….”一句中可以讀出。
4．答案是A，屬事實細節(jié)題。從第三段可以知道，500年前，女模特還不普遍，畫中半裸的女郎很容易被認為和畫家有親密關(guān)系。
5．答案是A，屬推理判斷題。全文一直在探討畫中女郎的身份，列出兩種不同的觀點，但并沒有結(jié)論。文章最后一句更能幫助理解。

參考譯文
他的傳記讀起來像搖滾歌星的傳記。一個早熟的天才，他終生未娶。據(jù)他說，這會影響事業(yè)的發(fā)展。但他還是在創(chuàng)作最后一幅油畫時，請女友過來和他同住。然后在37歲時因為發(fā)燒不幸辭世。有人說，他發(fā)燒是由縱欲過度引起的。偉大的畫家拉斐爾（1483—1520）是意大利文藝復興繁榮時期三大畫家之一，和達芬奇、米開朗基羅齊名。他欣賞達芬奇的作品并仔細研究。在誰是梵蒂岡最受歡迎的畫家這個問題上，他和米開朗基羅爭得不相上下，只可惜他去世太早。不過，看上去他可沒有明星的高傲派頭。教皇是他的贊助人。認識他的人都說他“明智”、“有教養(yǎng)”、“和藹”、“令人愉快”。在彌留之際，他給情婦留下足夠錢財，讓她“體面地”度過余生。他還為她畫了肖像，作為最后的愛的信物。這張肖像一直被認為是一幅偉大的杰作，和蒙娜•麗莎齊名。

至少故事是這么說的。那張肖像正在美國巡展。為此紐約弗瑞克收藏店專為這一張油畫舉辦了展覽，展覽持續(xù)到１月31日（之后再去休斯頓和印地安納波里）。《福爾娜瑞娜》（“面包師的女兒”）確實出自無與倫比的拉斐爾之手。那微微傾斜的身體，那明暗協(xié)調(diào)的色彩，那光滑細嫩、白玉無暇的肌膚，一切都那么完美。（當時油畫還屬新興事物，但拉斐爾對繪畫掌握已十分純熟，以至于他的技巧被稱為sprezzatura，大意是作畫過程被技巧準確地掩蓋。）畫中女郎經(jīng)典的維納斯式手勢既試圖遮掩又意欲表現(xiàn)自己性感的一面。（還有薄紗下面若隱若現(xiàn)的肚臍。）她害羞地朝一側(cè)望去。有人猜測是看她的情人�！啊陡�爾娜瑞娜》是文藝復興繁榮時期最接近色情的作品，”著名的藝術(shù)史學家麥克阿瑟研究會會員里奧•斯坦伯格說道。但畫中這位半裸的女子是不是拉斐爾所愛的面包師的女兒，仍然是個謎。

拉斐爾是不是她凝視的對象？大部分人都樂于這樣想，包括幾名正在倫敦國家美術(shù)館研究拉斐爾作品的批評家們。理由是，五百年前，女模特還不普遍。從畫中女子半裸的姿態(tài)可以推斷出她和拉斐爾關(guān)系非常親密。而且，畫家的名字出現(xiàn)在她的袖帶上還有別的意思嗎：但有些專家對此持有不同意見。羅馬博物館主管克勞第奧•斯提納地（《福爾娜瑞娜》平時收藏在羅馬的Palazzo Barberini美術(shù)館）就不理會媒體大肆報導的觀眾蜂擁而入的盛況，他在弗瑞克展覽會上發(fā)放的一本小冊子提出了一個不那么令人浮想聯(lián)翩的假設(shè)。

最近在清理這幅油畫時，發(fā)現(xiàn)畫中女郎的左手戴著婚戒；拉斐爾最后一位也是最重要的一位贊助人，塞尼思銀行家阿果思提諾•齊格，那時剛與弗朗西斯卡•阿迪斯卡結(jié)婚。斯提納地說，袖帶上拉斐爾的名字是向齊格表示敬意。他的結(jié)論是，油畫《福爾娜瑞娜》中的女郎就是阿迪斯卡。不幸的是，齊格的新娘沒有其他肖像來證明自己就是畫中女郎。正如斯坦伯格所說，“畫中女郎是誰是人人都想破解的謎，就像其他謎一樣，它的解釋取決于傳言的可信度�！辈还苋藗兿嘈拍欠N說法，油畫《福爾娜瑞娜》仍是人們的至愛。

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