The widely held assumption that people would volunteer for AIDS-tests in droves once treatment became available was wrong. 61) And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS， and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.

　　To combat this， the whole basis of AIDS testing in Botswana has just been changed. The idea is to“downgrade” the process into something low-key， routine and stigma-free. 62)Until now， a potential test subject had to opt in， by asking for a test; having asked， he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out. The new policy is to test people routinely when they visit the doctor. That way， having a test cannot be seen as an indication that an individual believes he may be infected. The test is not compulsory， but objectors must actively opt out. Silence is assumed to be consent， and no counseling is offered—just as would be the case for any other infectious disease.

　　This policy shift is probably just the first of many that will take place in Botswana， South Africa and other African countries that are planning the mass provision of anti-AIDS drugs in public hospitals. Dwain Ndwapi， a doctor at Botswana‘s largest AIDS clinic， thinks that there are circumstances in which testing should be compulsory. 63) In particular， he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth.

　　Another controversial change in the air is to reduce the frequency of two costly tests of patients‘ blood. Viral-load tests and CD4-cell counts both measure how acute an individual’s infection has become. That helps a patient‘s doctor to decide when to prescribe anti-retroviral. 64) But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country. Less frequent testing of each individual would allow more individuals to be given at least some tests.

　　But that must be balanced against the need to treat more people faster. Doctors in Botswana are staggered at how desperately sick many patients are when they first arrive. They had expected people to walk into clinics for AIDS tests. Instead， many come in on stretchers on the verge of death. 65) Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people， and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer. If routine tests persuade more patients to get help before they slump on a stretcher， all the better.

　　1. Why few people would volunteer for AIDS-test if treatment is readily prepared?

　　[A] Because people do not know whether they need the treatment.

　　[B] Because people could not afford to pay the expensive drugs.

　　[C] Because people are afraid to find out that they are infected.

　　[D] Because people cannot bear the shame the tests bring.

　　2. According to the text， how to “downgrade” the test process?

　　[A] By forcing those potential AIDS patient to take the test.

　　[B] by going down to the patients‘ homes to take the test.

　　[C] by testing patients as a regular thing in their hospital visits.

　　[D] by asking them whether they would like to have a test.

　　3. it can be inferred from the text that

　　[A] the new policy will be able to include every patient who visits the doctor.

　　[B] more policy like the new one will be carried out in a lot of African countries.

　　[C] the old policy is better than the new one in that it provides patients with counseling.

　　[D] the silence of the patient indicates his consent to any treatment that is available.

　　4. the purpose of reducing the frequency of two expensive blood tests is to

　　[A] help the patients save some money for treatments.

　　[B] enable more people to take tests of some kind.

　　[C] make sure that patients can receive in-time treatment.

　　[D] prevent patients from possible further infection.

　　5. persuading patients to get treatment early will have the following advatages except

　　[A] saving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people.

　　[B] cutting down the costs in the treatment.

　　[C] avoiding transmitting the virus to more people.

　　[D] shortening doctors‘ treatment time.

　　詞匯注釋

　　in droves 成群結(jié)隊

　　stigma 恥辱

　　downgrade 降級

　　low-key 低調(diào)的

　　expectant mother 孕婦

　　anti-retroviral 抗病毒

　　staggered 吃驚的

　　inadvertently 無意中地

　　slump 躺

　　難句講解

　　1. And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS， and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.

　　[簡析] 本句話的主干是“the reason for that appears to be that…”。第一個that指的是前面句子的內(nèi)容;第二個that引導(dǎo)的是表語從句;and thus…引導(dǎo)的段與作伴隨狀語，其中的it指的是sigma，if 引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句。

　　2. Having asked， he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out.

　　[簡析] 本句話的主干是“he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure…”。Having asked 短語作時間狀語;he指的是前面句子中提到的a potential test subject;he really knew…是一個省略了引導(dǎo)次的賓語從句，其中的what引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，before引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句。

　　3. In particular， he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth.

　　[簡析] 本句話的主干是“he believes that…”。he 指的是Dwain Ndwapi;that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句;from mothers to new-born children修飾transmission;if引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句;破折號里面的內(nèi)容是在進一步介紹條件，其中的those指的是expectant mothers，who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾those;before引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句，其中的they指的也是expectant mothers.

　　4. But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country.

　　[簡析] 本句話的主干是“l(fā)aboratory capacity is inadequate for…”。That引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾people;破折號里面的內(nèi)容是在介紹條件，其中的as…as 引導(dǎo)的是比較狀語從句，其中的they指的是testes.

　　5. Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people， and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer.

　　[簡析] 本句話是一個并列句，其主干是“treating the very ill takes much more time and money…and it means that”。Than引導(dǎo)的是比較狀語;it指的是前面的句子;that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句。

　　答案與解析

　　1. D細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“如果治療很容易準(zhǔn)備的話，為什么幾乎沒有人自愿進行愛滋病檢測?”文章第一段首先提到了人們的一種錯誤觀點，隨后解釋了原因，指出，政府沒有設(shè)法減少與愛滋病有關(guān)的恥辱，也沒有減少如果你懷疑你自己可能被感染了愛滋病而去尋求檢測的恥辱。這說明，原因是人們覺得，與愛滋病有關(guān)的東西是恥辱。[D]“因為人們不能忍受檢測帶來的羞恥”是對文中相關(guān)信息的改寫，為正確答案。[A]“因為人們不知道他們是否需要治療”和[B]“因為人們負(fù)擔(dān)不起昂貴的藥物”屬于無中生有;[C]“因為人們擔(dān)心查出他們受到了感染”是針對該段中“with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected”設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符。

　　2. C細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，如何‘降級’檢測的過程?”題干中的“downgrade”出自文章第二段第二句話中，表明本題與第二段有關(guān)。第二段在介紹人們采取的應(yīng)對措施時提到，博茨瓦納愛滋病檢測的所有原則完全被改變了，人們把檢測過程“降級”為低調(diào)、常規(guī)并且沒有恥辱感的事情，也就是在人們看病時對他們進行常規(guī)檢測。這說明，人們是通過把檢測看成是患者看病時的常規(guī)事情來“降級”檢測過程的。[C]“通過把檢測作為患者去醫(yī)院時進行的常規(guī)事情”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“通過迫使那些可能的愛滋病患者去檢測”明顯與文意不符;[B]“通過去患者的家庭進行檢測”屬于無中生有;[D]“通過詢問他們是否愿意進行檢測”是針對文中“…make sure he re.ally knew what he was doing before any test was carTied out”這句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符。

　　3. B推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，可以推知 ”。文章第二段介紹了人們采取的應(yīng)對措施，第三段指出，這種原則上的改變可能只是博茨瓦納、南非和其他非洲國家即將發(fā)生變化的第一步，這些國家正計劃在公立醫(yī)院大量供應(yīng)抗愛滋病的藥物，隨后介紹了一名博茨瓦納醫(yī)生的新觀點。由此可知，非洲一些國家將實施更多新措施。[B]“更多像新原則一樣的原則將在許多非洲國家得到實施”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“新原則將能夠包含任何看病的患者”屬于無中生有;文中并沒有比較新舊原則的好壞，所以[C]“舊原則比新原則更好，因為它為患者提供咨詢”與文意不符;[D]“患者的沉默表示他同意進行任何可能的治療”是針對文中“Silence is assummed to be consent， and no counseling is offered”這句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符。

　　4. B細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“減少兩種昂貴血檢次數(shù)的目的是為了 ”。題干中的“two expensive blood tests”出自文章第四段第一句話中(文中用的是two costly tests of patients‘ blood)，表明本題與第四段有關(guān)。第四段首先提到了減少兩種昂貴血檢的次數(shù)問題，并解釋了這兩種血檢的目的，隨后指出，非洲的實驗室沒有能力對數(shù)百萬需要這類藥物的人進行常規(guī)檢測，每個人的檢測頻率越少，更多的人得到至少某些檢測的機會就越多。這說明，減少血檢次數(shù)的目的是為了讓更多的人可以接受檢測。[B]“使更多的人可以接受某些檢測”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“幫助患者節(jié)省治療費用”明顯與文意不符;文中沒有提到及時治療的問題，也沒有提到進一步感染的問題，所以[C]“確信患者可以得到及時的治療”和[D]“防止患者可能進一步感染”屬于無中生有。

　　5. A細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“說服患者盡早治療將有下列好處，除了 ”。題干中的 “Persuading patients to get treatment”出自文章最后一段最后一句話中(文中用的是persuade more patients to get help)，表明本題與最后一段有關(guān)。最后一段提到，與給相對健康的人發(fā)放抗愛滋病藥物相比，治療非常嚴(yán)重的患者花費的時間和金錢多得多，并且這些人可能會在更長的時間內(nèi)無意中感染其他人，隨后提到了說服患者治療這個問題，指出，如果常規(guī)檢測可以說服更多患者尋求幫助的話，那么一切都會更好了。這說明，[B]“削減治療費用”、[C]“避免把病毒傳染給更多的人”和[D]“縮短醫(yī)生的治療時間”都是說服患者盡早治療的好處。只有[A]“給相對健康的人節(jié)省抗愛滋病藥物”不是文中提到的好處。

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