答案詳解
41.【解析】[C]本題可以使用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法。試題位于第一段的末尾,因此要了解試題前以及試題后即第二段的語義重點(diǎn)。文章的第一句話Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution是本段的主題句,后面的一句話是對(duì)它的補(bǔ)充和說明。從本段的語義以及使用的詞匯來看,本段論述的內(nèi)容主要集中在evolution(進(jìn)化)上。從第二段的起始句American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s來看,文章仍然在談?wù)揷ultural evolution的問題,因此從文章敘述的一致性出發(fā),要填入的內(nèi)容,也應(yīng)當(dāng)圍繞cultural revolution進(jìn)行,同時(shí)是對(duì)上文的補(bǔ)充和說明。對(duì)比選項(xiàng),只有選項(xiàng)[C]所論述的內(nèi)容是cultural revolution,詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn),同時(shí)在語義上是對(duì)前者的補(bǔ)充和說明,因此是正確答案。
42.【解析】[E]本題可以使用詞匯同現(xiàn)法,同時(shí)分析前后文的語義關(guān)系。試題位于第二段的結(jié)尾,要了解前后文的語義關(guān)系。從前文來看,本段要說明的主題是he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies,本句話前面的信息都是背景信息,只有這一句話和文章的主題有關(guān),因此是這一段要說明的重點(diǎn),通過分析這句話的語義可知,本句話要說明的重點(diǎn)信息是all aspects of culture change(文化的各個(gè)方面會(huì)發(fā)生變化)。從試題后面段落的起始句In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory來看,和上一段之間沒有聯(lián)系,而是提出了另外一個(gè)問題。通過試題前后的語義分析可知,要填入的句子在語義上要和試題前面的all aspects of culture changed這個(gè)信息保持一致性。對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可知,選項(xiàng)[E]中出現(xiàn)了diverse aspects of culture這樣的信息,和試題前面的all aspects of culture形成了詞匯同現(xiàn)關(guān)系,因此初步判斷是正確答案。再進(jìn)一步從語義上判斷,選項(xiàng)[E]的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)是all aspects of culture changed as societies evolved和試題前面的句子all aspects of culture changed表達(dá)了相同的內(nèi)容,對(duì)前面的語義形成了補(bǔ)充和說明。
43.【解析】[A]從試題前文的語義看,前文中的句子Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology表達(dá)的核心是文化的uniqueness(獨(dú)特性)。從試題后面段落的第一句話Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture來看,這句話包含了兩個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容,句子的前半部分the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history(文化是特定歷史的產(chǎn)物)和試題前面的句子表達(dá)語義是相同的,但是這句話的后半部分(the culture of any society must be understood)not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture(文化不應(yīng)當(dāng)理解成某一特定發(fā)展階段的文化或某種文化的產(chǎn)物)表達(dá)了與其不同的內(nèi)容,因此,從前后文的語義邏輯關(guān)系分析,這就是要填入的試題內(nèi)容。比較選項(xiàng)可以發(fā)現(xiàn),選項(xiàng)[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism中的cultural innovations had a single origin(文化革新只有一個(gè)來源)表達(dá)了我們前面分析出來的要填入的內(nèi)容,因此是正確答案。
44.【解析】[B]通過第43題的分析可知,44題前面的句子表達(dá)了兩個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容,從44題后面的段落來看,文章對(duì)這兩個(gè)段落分別進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的介紹。因此要填入的內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)和前面句子的關(guān)系非常密切,但是前面的內(nèi)容有兩個(gè),一個(gè)是the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history(文化是特定歷史的產(chǎn)物),另一個(gè)是(the culture of any society must be understood)not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture(文化不應(yīng)當(dāng)理解成某一特定發(fā)展階段的文化或某種文化的產(chǎn)物),到底和哪一種觀點(diǎn)銜接可以通過瀏覽剩下的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)解決。選項(xiàng)[D]和選項(xiàng)[G]可以直接排出。最主要的干擾項(xiàng)是[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning,因?yàn)榇蠹液芸赡軓男问缴险`認(rèn)為the theory指代的前文中的(the culture of any society must be understood)not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture這種觀點(diǎn),但從語義上來看,兩者是不同的,因此是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)[B]是正確答案,它從文化的特殊性方面進(jìn)行了論述,和前一句話的前半段是相符合的。
45.【解析】[G]試題前面的句子討論的重點(diǎn)是diffusionism和diffusionists,試題后面的段落的第一句話是Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that…,提出了一個(gè)新的關(guān)于文化的理論,和前面的段落在語義上沒有聯(lián)系,因此可以判斷,要填入的內(nèi)容一定是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的延續(xù),一定和diffusionism或者diffusionists有關(guān)。對(duì)比剩余的選項(xiàng)可以發(fā)現(xiàn),選項(xiàng)[G]是對(duì)前面句子在內(nèi)容上的例證,敘述的主要內(nèi)容是文化的diffused,因此可以通過詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)找到正確答案。
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