四、 -ING結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞的賓語

　　幾乎所有介詞，不管是單個介詞還是介詞詞組，不管它們是謂語動詞的組成部分與否，都能用-ING分詞的動名詞作其賓語。所以，-ING結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞賓語的時候很多。-ING結(jié)構(gòu)一般作介詞短語的賓語，主要有以下搭配關(guān)系

　　1. 動詞+介詞+ -ING

　　12) Scientists measure the hardness [A] of a material [B] by comparatively [C] with a table of ten well-known [D] metals.

　　13) Her mother did not [A] approve of her to go [B] to the party without dressing [C] formally [D] .

　　14) Although many women's colleges [A] have been coeducational [B] ， other universities remain committed to keep [C] their facilities separate [D] .

　　15) We insist on you leave [A] the place before [B] any further [C] disturbances take place [D] .

　　2. 名詞(形容詞，不及物動詞)+介詞to(不要把它視為動詞不定式的標(biāo)志)。下面是大綱中所列短語中的“to”為介詞：(be) contrary to (與…相反)，object(objection)to (反對)， with a view to (為…起見)，(be) opposed to (反對)， in contrast to (與…成對比)，be used to (習(xí)慣于)， be exposed to， be dedicated to (致力于)，resort to (訴諸于)， as to (關(guān)于)， be accustomed to (習(xí)慣于)， be devoted to (獻(xiàn)身于)， be committed to (委身于)， react to (對…反應(yīng))， with regard to (關(guān)于)， look forward to (期待)， contribute to (貢獻(xiàn))，owe to由于，歸功于等

　　16) I have no objection the evening with them.

　　[A] to spend [B] to spending [C] to have spent [D] to have to spend

　　17) Why do you object to the direction?

　　[A] following [B] follow [C] have follow [D] have been followed

　　18) Mr. Brown often wore [A] a heavy coat [B] because he was not used to live [C] in such a [D] cold climate.

　　19) Livy was the [A] only great historian of the time [B] ， and he devoted his attention to give [C] the world splendid [D] pictures.

　　3. 動詞+副詞+介詞+ -ING

　　I look forward to her coming soon.

　　4. 形容詞(或具有形容詞性質(zhì)的-ED分詞)+介詞+ -ING

　　I am proud of having such a son.

　　He is greatly honored of shaking hands with the President.

　　It's impossible for him finishing the task in such a short time.

　　He is interested in playing table tennis.

　　5. 表示征詢意見的 “How about…?”， “What…about?”

　　How about going there?

　　What about having a concert?

　　20) How about to the movies tonight?

　　[A] going[B] if go[C] to go[D] if we go

　　6. 前面省略了介詞in的-ING慣用法

　　The two children are busy doing their homework.

　　Mr. Smith has difficulty fulfilling the task.

　　There is no use going over the lessons before the night of exam.

　　He has spent a lot of time preparing the exam for the postgraduate.

　　Xiao Li lost no time catching up with his classmates.

　　There is no point arguing with him.

　　五、 -ING結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補(bǔ)足語

　　1. 表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞，如 hear， feel， find， give， listen to， look at， notice， observe， see， smell， watch等詞的賓語可以用-ING作賓語補(bǔ)語

　　21) “Where are the children?” “I saw in the yard.”

　　[A] them to play [B] them played [C] them playing [D] to them playing

　　22) I must say I don't like to hear you like that.

　　[A] talking[B] to talk[C] have to talk[D] talked

　　2. 表示“致使”等意義的動詞，如 catch， have， get， keep， leave， set

　　I am sorry to have kept you waiting for me so long.

　　What you have told left me thinking that you experienced much when you were young.

　　3. 其他動詞賓語的補(bǔ)語

　　23) The average age [A] of the Mediterranean [B] olive trees grow [C] today is two hundred years [D] .

　　六、 -ING結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語

　　-ING結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語表示主語在進(jìn)行一動作的同時所進(jìn)行的另一動作，它對謂語動詞起修飾或陪襯的作用。這時要注意-ING與其邏輯主語在時態(tài)、意義上的統(tǒng)一

　　1. 表示時間和伴隨 一般放在句首，有時可放在句中

　　Coming into the room， I found him sobbing. (=When I came into the room， I found him sobbing.) 在這里coming這一-ING分詞動作發(fā)生時，緊接著(幾乎是同時)發(fā)生了謂語動作，有“一……就”的意思。

　　Pulling his body in the car， he drove away.(=After he pulled his body in the car， he drove away.)

　　24) Those naughty boys were caught flowers in the garden again.

　　[A]to steal[B]stealing[C] having stolen[D]stolen

　　25) Daniel walked up and down [A] as he listened， hands behind [B] his back， now and then [C] asked [D] a question.

　　2. 表示方式

　　Being a clever girl， she was sent to college by her father.(此例不可改成：Being a clever girl， her father sent her to college.因為分詞短語的邏輯主語不是“her father ”， 而只能是“she ”。)

　　如果-ING分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，-ING分詞前可以加when，while等連詞，可放在句首或句末：When arriving home， he found the door opened. / He listened to the music radio while reading.

　　26) ，Tony jumped into the river and saved the drowning man.

　　[A] Good swimer as he is [B] He can swim very well

　　[C] Being that he was a good swimmer [D] Being a good swimmer

　　27) the kind of man he was， he did not pay much attention to it at first.

　　[A] To be[B] Being[C] Having been[D] Though to be

　　28) Was a dancer [A] and blues singer before [B] the age of eight [C] ，F(xiàn)lorence Mills made her [D] vaudeville debut(輕歌舞首演) in 1910.

　　3. 表示原因

　　Not having had any letter from Tom， Marry was worried.(=Marry was worried because she did not have any letter from Tom.)

　　Having got a headache， I didn't come to the concert. (=Because I got a headache， I didn't come to the concert.)

　　29) Most of the people， ， could not go to sleep that night after the party.

　　being so excited

　　[A] being so excited [B] be so excited [C] being so exciting [D] be so exciting

　　30) Having the highest marks in his class， .

　　[A] the college offered him a scholarship [B] he was offered a scholarship by the college

　　[C] a scholarship was offered him by the college [D] a college scholarship was offered to him

　　4. 表示條件：一般放在句首

　　Knowing anything about it， I will tell you all. (=If I know anything about it， I will tell you all.)

　　Working diligently， you will pass the entrance exam. (=If you work diligently， you will pass the entrance exam.)

　　5. 表示讓步：表示讓步的-ING分詞常常由although/though， even if/though， unless等連詞引入，一般放在句首

　　Having great diffculties in the course of working， they finished the task ahead of time.

　　Buying a lot of reference books for the exam， he failed in it because of the learning method.

　　Although repeating his words many times， the teacher could not make his students understand the concret concept of philosophy.

　　Even if coming by taxi， I will arrive in at least 45 minutes.

　　6. 表示結(jié)果：置于句末，前面要加so， thereby， thus， hence等表示結(jié)果的副詞

　　He worked day and night， making himself near sighted.

　　Not making what he meant misunderstood， he adjusted his tones to underline his meaning.

　　The workers worked 14 hours a day， thus producing products three times as they did last month.

　　He wished to travel all over the world， thereby studying customs of other countries.

　　31) The bus was held up by the traffic jam， .

　　[A] thus causing the delay[B] so that caused the delay

　　[C] to cause the delay[D] caused the delay

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