七、定語從句和狀語從句(Attributive Clauses and Adverbial Clauses)
定語從句
定語從句也稱為關(guān)系從句或形容詞性從句,由關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which, that或關(guān)系副詞as, when, where, why等引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系詞除了起引導(dǎo)作用外,還在從句中指代前面的先行詞,并在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。如:
The car which was stolen has been found.(which指代先行詞car,在從句中作主語)
The house whose windows are broken is empty.(whose是所有格,在從句中作定語)
I shall never forget the day when I entered the university.(when指代先行詞day,在從句中作時間狀語)
1. 限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句
定語從句就其與先行詞的關(guān)系而言,可分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句和先行詞之間沒有逗號,表示對先行詞起修飾限制作用;而非限定性定語從句和先行詞之間有逗號分開,是對先行詞進行補充說明,相當(dāng)于并列句。如:
He is the man who has strong personality. (限定性定語從句)
My mother, who works abroad, is coming next week. (非限定性定語從句)
注:1)非限定性定語從句不能用that引導(dǎo),一般用which, as或who(指人)。用which或as引導(dǎo)時,既可以修飾主句的部分內(nèi)容,也可修飾主句的全部內(nèi)容。如:
He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. (which指代整個主句,在從句中作主語)
2)as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句既可放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,但which或who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句不能放在主句之前。如:
As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.
The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people’s life greatly.
3) 在限定性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作賓語時可以省略;但在非限定性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作賓語時不能省略。如:
The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去)
She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去)
2. 通常只用關(guān)系代詞that,不用which, who或whom的幾種情況
1)當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等時,如:
All that you want is here.
2) 當(dāng)先行詞被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修飾時。如:
There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.
3) 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。如:
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
4) 當(dāng)出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的先行詞,并同時兼指人或物時。如:
We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.
5) 當(dāng)主句是以which或who開頭的特殊疑問句時。如:
Who is the person that is standing over there?
6) 當(dāng)定語從句為there be句型時,關(guān)系代詞只能用that,但經(jīng)?梢允÷浴H纾
I know the difference (that) there is between you.
7) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時,常用that。如:
He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和過去不一樣了。
3. 與其他詞連用引導(dǎo)的定語從句
As引導(dǎo)定語從句時,可指人也可指物,通常與the same, such, so等連用,形式為:the same … as, such … as, as … as, so … as。as在定語從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等。如:
She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感覺與她自己的一樣。(as代替事,作賓語)
I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借給你使你感興趣的書。(as代替物,作主語)
注:the same … as和the same … that的用法不同。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物“相似”,指同類事物;that引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物是“同一個”,指同一事物。如:
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 這和我昨天丟的筆一樣。(類似的筆)
This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 這支筆就是我昨天丟的那支。(同一支筆)
4. “介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句
在“介詞 + which / whom”結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞的選擇取決于三種情況:
1)定語從句中謂語動詞與表語的搭配。如:
This is the college in which I am studying.
He is the man about whom we are talking.
2) 先行詞與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配。如:
The speed at which the machine operates is known on the meter.
3)當(dāng)定語從句為最高級時只能用of which;否則用其他介詞。如:
I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.
I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.
注:不可拆分的動詞短語介詞不能提前,如put up with;有的短語可能有不同的介詞搭配,此時需要根據(jù)上下文來確定。如:be familiar with / to, compare with / to等。
有時為表意清楚,還可以在關(guān)系副詞where / when前加介詞from, to等。如:
China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Thailand and India.
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