六、名詞性從句
名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組。按其句法功能,名詞性從句可分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。引導名詞性從句的有:連接詞that, whether和if,關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, wahtever, whichever, whoever以及關(guān)系副詞when, where和how。
主語從句(The Subject Clause)
1. 主語從句在句中作主語。如:
Which team will win the match is still not certain.
Why he did that wasn’t quite clear.
2. 主語從句位于句首時,會使句子顯得笨重,因此常以it作為形式主語,而將主語從句后置,以保持句子平衡。如:
It is strange that she didn’t come yesterday.
3. whether與if引導主語從句的區(qū)別:
whether引導的主語從句既可放在句首也可放在句尾,if引導的主語從句只能放在句末。如:
Whether she comes or not makes no difference.
It is doubtful whether / if the President knew the details of the plan.
表語從句(The predicative clause)
1. 表語從句在句中作表語,位于主句中的系動詞之后。如:
The question is whether she can speak English.
That is what we need.
2. 表語從句可用whether引導,也可用as if引導,但不能用if引導。如:
His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.
It looked as if it was going to rain.
3. 主句的主語是reason時,表語從句要用that,不能用because。如:
The reason why he was dismissed was that he was careless and irresponsible.
同位語從句(The Appositive Clause)
1. 同位語從句在句中作同位語,它一般要放在主句中某些名詞的后面,說明這些名詞的含義?筛徽Z從句的名詞主要有fact, news, promise, reason, idea等。如:
We heard the news that our team had won.
I have no idea how soon they are coming.
2. 同位語從句與定語從句的主要區(qū)別:
從意義上來說,同位語從句對一個名詞加以補充說明,定語從句對一個名詞進行修飾或限定。從結(jié)構(gòu)上說,同位語從句由連詞引導,連詞在從句中不作任何成分,只起引導作用;引導定語從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔任一定成分,含有代替所修飾或限制詞語的意義。如:
They were all shocked at the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 他們都為德國向俄國宣戰(zhàn)而感到震驚。(同位語從句,that只起引導作用,在句中不作任何成分。)
They were all shocked at the news that was announced on the radio. 他們都為收音機里宣布的消息而震驚。(定語從句,that在句中作主語,若省略that,句子成分不全。)
賓語從句(The Object Clause)
1. 賓語從句在句中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。如:
I wonder who he is.
He is sorry for what he has done.
注意:在口語及非正式文體中,that常省略。
2. 使用賓語從句時應注意時態(tài)呼應。
1)主句謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,從句謂語動詞可以用任何所需要的時態(tài)。
2)主句謂語動詞是過去時態(tài),從句謂語動詞一般須用過去時。如:
I thought he studied hard.
3) 從句如果與某一具體的過去時間狀語連用,盡管其謂語動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之前,仍用一般過去時。如:
She told me that her father died in 1991.
4) 從句所說明的是一般真理或客觀事實,即使主句用過去時,從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。
The teacher told the students that the computer is a wonderful machine.
3. 不能省略that的賓語從句
1)句中的動詞后接兩個或兩個以上的that從句作賓語時,第一個that可省,但后面的that不可省。如:
He said (that) he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understand.
2) 當主句的謂語動詞與that賓語從句之間有插入語時,that一般不可省。如:
Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
3) 當that從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時,that不可省。如:
I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.
4) 當that賓語從句前有it作形式賓語時,that不可省。如:
We think it important that we study hard.
4. whether和if引導的賓語從句可以互換使用,但介詞后的賓語從句只能用whether,不能用if。如:
He asked me if / whether my brother was at home.
It is a question of whether we should go.
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