在文章的瀏覽(即略讀,skimming)過程中,對文中信息重要性的判斷可以幫助讀者快速有效地了解段落的大意。在瀏覽過程中,讀者可以通過尋找“信號詞”來區(qū)分重要信息和非重要信息。以下列出的是閱讀過程中常見的幾類“信號詞”。
1.以下詞組提示下文所涉及的重要信息:
The main / important point / conclusion / reason….
The point to note here…
2.以下詞組提示了下文的結(jié)構(gòu)框架:
There are three major reasons…
3.but 和 however表示對比,常常用來提示重要信息,例如:
The rising birth rate is not due to increased fertility, but to a sharp decline in the death rate.
4.在文中提問可以突出問題后的答案,提示讀者答案中有重要信息,例如:
Why is a piped water supply so important? Disease due to contaminated water is a common cause of death in childhood.
5.有時,為了保證讀者完全理解自己的觀點(diǎn),作者會在文中反復(fù)提出自己的觀點(diǎn),例如:
Death control can be achieved autonomously. In other words, the death rate can be cut without anything else changing.
6.文章的結(jié)論通常是非常重要的,因此,讀者要在文中尋找提示結(jié)論的“信號詞”,例如:
Thereforethe result
In conclusionwe can conclude
One of the primary conclusions
7.舉例是為了幫助讀者理解某一個觀點(diǎn),因此,文中的例子不是瀏覽文章時的重要信息。在閱讀過程中,以下詞組提示讀者下文是舉例部分信息。
For example/instancelike
Such asthese include
To illustrateamong these are
有時,作者也會用破折號或括號來提示舉例信息,例如:
The developing countries are dependent on cash crops – sugar, coffee, cacao, cotton.
Precipitating/violent/unexpected factors are those which reduce the food supply (droughts, floods, wars, epidemics)…
在段落瀏覽時,讀者在看到信號詞后,應(yīng)不斷對下文信息作出相應(yīng)的判斷,例如:
The main reason for (提示:下文信息重要) the reduction in the death rate in the developing world has been improved public health measures. For example, (提示:下文信息不重要,僅僅是為了用來證明前面的觀點(diǎn)) in Sri Lanka the death rate was halved over ten years by spraying the mosquitoes which carry malaria.
Why (提示:問題的答案中有讀者應(yīng)該關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)) is it so easy to cut the death rate in this way and yet so hard to reduce the birth rate? One answer (提示:這只是眾多答案中的一種,并不是最重要的。) is that public health measures can be very cheap. Anti-malarial spraying is inexpensive. But this is not the important point (提示:but后面的是非常重要的信息). For birth control programmes to be successful, a change in attitude is required, whereas death control can be achieved autonomously. In other words, (提示:這里是作者想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的重要信息) the death rate can be cut without anything else changing.
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