2011英語四級(jí)寫作指導(dǎo)：如何應(yīng)對(duì)詞匯量不足

　　在四六級(jí)作文中，詞匯量不足是影響成績的一個(gè)重要因素。一個(gè)意思往往因?yàn)橐粋�(gè)單詞不會(huì)而表達(dá)不清，一個(gè)好的句子也會(huì)因?yàn)橐粋�(gè)詞匯想不起來而不能完成。如何應(yīng)付這種情況使作文順利進(jìn)行下去?下面是三種簡便易行的應(yīng)急措施可能對(duì)你會(huì)有所幫助。

　　1.試用籠統(tǒng)詞

　　英語語言中籠統(tǒng)詞有have, take 等，籠統(tǒng)詞的重要特點(diǎn)在于意義廣泛，搭配性強(qiáng)，構(gòu)成詞組后可以替代眾多具體動(dòng)詞。雖然不能精確表達(dá)一個(gè)動(dòng)作，卻能大致表達(dá)意思。在一些具體動(dòng)詞寫不出來的時(shí)候，用這些籠統(tǒng)詞取代，也能收到異曲同工的效果。

　　例如：我經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)極其艱苦的時(shí)代。

　　I experienced a terrible hard time.

　　這一句中，experience被遺忘時(shí)，用have代替，成為：I had a terrible hard time. 其效果及表達(dá)的意義決不亞于第一句。這樣的例子還很多。如：

　　Do you understand my meaning, sir? = Do you take my meaning, sir?

　　I will preside over the meeting. = I will take the meeting.

　　I will subscribe to the local newspaper. = I will take the local newspaper.

　　They occupied the city. = They took the city.

　　The boy resembles his father. = The boy takes after his father.

　　從以上的例句不難看出，具體詞音節(jié)較多，使用頻率不高，容易遺忘，而籠統(tǒng)詞則不然。因此，在作文應(yīng)試中，籠統(tǒng)詞取代具體詞，不失為一種應(yīng)急良策。

　　2.聯(lián)想有關(guān)詞匯

　　當(dāng)遺忘產(chǎn)生時(shí)，或遇到未曾學(xué)過的詞時(shí)，應(yīng)采取放射性思維，發(fā)揮想象力，想出一切與之有關(guān)的單詞，利用語言的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，多層次，多角度地運(yùn)用語言。一般情況下，聯(lián)想可按下列思路進(jìn)行：1聯(lián)想同義詞;2聯(lián)想反義詞。

　　英語語言中眾多的同義詞在許多情況下是可以通用的。利用這一規(guī)律，由于某個(gè)單詞受阻而影響全篇寫作的情況便不會(huì)出現(xiàn)。試看下列句子：

　　I had a nightmare last night. = I had a bad dream last night.

　　Nightmare 使用頻率不太高，因此不太好記。而其同義詞bad dream 卻很容易記。以后者取代前者絲毫不影響原句的意義。再比如：I don‘t understand this word. 也可以說成 I don’t know this word.

　　另外：

　　He is stupid. = He is foolish. = He is a fool. = He is silly.

　　The food is delicious. = The food is tasty. = The food is nice to eat.

　　They discontinued the work at five. = They stopped the work at five.

　　His temper is nasty. = His temper is terrible. = He has a bad temper.

　　英語語言中詞與詞之間是有聯(lián)系的，詞與詞之間語義的“共核”現(xiàn)象即所謂的同義詞。豐富的同義詞給我們提供了極大的方便。

　　同樣，用其反義詞來取代某一遺忘了的詞也是可行的，請(qǐng)看下面的例子：

　　He is stubborn. = He is not tame.

　　The knife is blunt. = The knife is not sharp.

　　This is expensive. = This is not cheap.

　　She is talkative. = She is never quiet.

　　3. 試用解釋性語句

　　語言的功能在于表達(dá)，而表達(dá)的方式是多種多樣的。當(dāng)一個(gè)詞影響到??以溝通。英語當(dāng)中多功能解釋性語句，就可以起到這一作用。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　He is a dumb. = He is a person who can not speak.

　　He refused. = He said “no”.

　　I‘ve never seen such a stubborn person. = I’ve never seen such a person who never listens to other‘s advice.

　　解釋性語句能幫助我們巧妙地避開一些大詞，難詞，又能使意思表達(dá)流暢，不失為一聰明之舉。比較下面兩篇文章：

　　(1)

　　Examination is a common headache to students all over the world. They all detest is, but all being domineered by it. It represents a trial; the grade its verdict.

　　Nowadays, examination has become a popular form of testing. It almost can dominate one‘s future. I am not exaggerating; for you all know it is true. If we want to obtain a diploma, we must first pass the exams. If we do not have a diploma, we may not find a job easily. That is the reason why all students are nervous and pale when they are sitting for an important examination which may concern their future.

　　But as long as examination is on its peak of power, we must be philosophical of it. Do not always think of the harm that it brings, but think of the good it may do to us. If we do not have exams, we may indulge ourselves in other things instead of books. Exams have to always drive us on. What is wrong for learning more and thoroughly?

　　(2)

　　Examination is a common headache to students all over the world. They all dislike it (hate it), but all being ruled by it. It is a trial; the grade its decision.

　　Nowadays, examination has become a popular form of testing. It almost can control one‘s future. I am telling the truth, for you all know it is true. If we want to get a graduation paper, we may not find a job easily. That is the reason why all students are nervous and pale when they are sitting for an important examination which may have something to do with their future.

　　But as long as examination is on its highest point of power, we must have a calm attitude to it. Do not always think of the harm that it brings, but think of the good it may do to us. If we do not have exams, we may spend our time on other things instead of books. Exams have to always drive us on. What is wrong for learning more and deeply?

　　比較兩篇文章，第一篇短小精干，用詞準(zhǔn)確，不失為一篇優(yōu)秀作文。而第二篇全篇采用最普通的詞匯，意思同樣清楚，也不失得體，流暢。

　　四六級(jí)作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一般側(cè)重于能清楚地表達(dá)意義，段落，層次有系統(tǒng)性，語法正確，而并不過分強(qiáng)調(diào)用詞的精確度。因此作文應(yīng)試的要領(lǐng)應(yīng)該是快捷、清楚、流暢。所以，就考試而言，碰到難詞或遺忘詞時(shí)，過分地把時(shí)間花在“鉆牛角尖”上是不明智的，而應(yīng)該采取靈活的思維方法、迂回的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，運(yùn)用簡單、易記的詞匯及表達(dá)方式，從而能夠運(yùn)用有限的詞匯作出美妙的文章，輕松自如地駕馭語言，把握時(shí)機(jī)，以聰明克服缺陷，以機(jī)智靈巧克服學(xué)究式的笨拙，以少勝多，最大限度地發(fā)揮自己的潛能。

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