10． 運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 

　　四級(jí)完形填空中也相當(dāng)一部分是考查語(yǔ)法的試題，主要集中在虛擬語(yǔ)氣、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句和倒裝句。 
　　(1)根據(jù)虛擬語(yǔ)氣選擇時(shí)態(tài) 
　　If all places __87_ alike, there would be little need for geographers. 
　　87. A. being B. are C. be D. were 
　　本題是對(duì)虛擬從句中時(shí)態(tài)的考查。首先，從主句的時(shí)態(tài)可以判斷這是個(gè)虛擬條件句，從句中應(yīng)該使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有D是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為D。 

　　(2)根據(jù)句子的虛擬條件選擇連詞 
　　Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions _89__ a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years before. 
　　89. A. as B. if C. because D. while 
　　本題所考查的是虛擬條件從句與其它從句的區(qū)別。從上下文的語(yǔ)義和主從句的時(shí)態(tài)可以判斷，這里是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，答案為B。 

　　(3) 正確判斷定語(yǔ)從句 
　　只有當(dāng)確定定語(yǔ)從句以后，才能正確地選擇關(guān)系詞。在定語(yǔ)從句的確定中，首先確定關(guān)聯(lián)詞所連接的是一簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句還是從句，尤其是在兩句之間有逗號(hào)相隔的情況下。如： 
　�、� The word geography (comes) from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for "earth", and graphein, __75_ means "to write". 
　　75. A. what B. that C. which D. it 
　　可以判斷the Greek word for "earth",為同位語(yǔ)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明解釋 ge， 從句法結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)稱來(lái)看graphein 后也應(yīng)該是用來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明graphein的，這就說(shuō)明，graphein后不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，而是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，從逗號(hào)的使用可以很容易判斷，并且是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明答案為C。 
　　② He invited a lot of people to his birthday party, all of ____ were professors. 
　　A. them B. whom C. which D. those 
　　這句話涉及定語(yǔ)從句的辨別。如果填them，就成了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，但兩句之間沒(méi)有連詞，不符合英語(yǔ)的句法要求。如果填whom則為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)主句內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。 

　　(4) 注意定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞的運(yùn)用 
　　有時(shí)，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞，很顯然是考查定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞的使用。在關(guān)系詞的選擇中可從兩點(diǎn)去考慮，一是先行詞為何，二是關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用。如： 
　�、� Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to place __88_ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a (chance) to get a fresh, clean (view) of the world. 
　　88. A. there B. which C. when D. where 
　　這一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞的考查題。其中三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可做定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，以及先行詞在從句中的作用，可以判斷，本題答案為D。 

　�、� The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything (in) the past. 
　　79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever 
　　先行詞是something， 關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該是that，即A。 

　�、� These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with (heavy) traffic during rush hours, __79_ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route. 
　　79. A. when B. for C. but D. that (CET4-90.1) 
　　從句所表達(dá)的是什么時(shí)候這種直接快捷的高速公路變得如此緩慢，是對(duì)的解釋，先行詞為時(shí)間，關(guān)系詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明答案為A。

    (5)根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞判斷先行詞 

　　如先行詞不同，關(guān)系詞也隨著不同，只有當(dāng)先行詞為表示地點(diǎn)時(shí)關(guān)系詞才可用where。所以從關(guān)系詞的使用情況可以判斷先行詞的類(lèi)別。四六級(jí)完形填空中不乏此類(lèi)的考題。如： 

　�、� This is thought to be a __89__ where further study is called (for). 
　　89. A. scope B. field C. range D. district 
　　根據(jù)關(guān)系詞where和從句中所表示的"研究",可以確定先行詞應(yīng)該是field"領(lǐng)域"。 
　　② The __62_ a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (attractively) served meal will often improve a child's appetite. 
　　62. A. procedure B. process C. way D. method 
　　定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞省略，關(guān)系詞在從句中又不做任何成分，說(shuō)明先行詞一定是way。 

　　(6) 根據(jù)先行詞的修飾語(yǔ)判斷從句中副詞的使用 

　　當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，從句中應(yīng)該用完成時(shí)態(tài)并且用ever。如果了解這一規(guī)律，下面一題可輕松解答。 

　　The largest brain _71__ examined belonged to a person of weak (mind). 
　　71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once 
　　初看，這里沒(méi)有什么定語(yǔ)從句，實(shí)際上，分詞做定語(yǔ)與從句做定語(yǔ)概念是一樣的，只是結(jié)構(gòu)的差別而已。這里的分詞做定語(yǔ)就相當(dāng)于that had ever been examined，因此，考生還是可以按照定語(yǔ)從句的規(guī)律來(lái)判斷。 

　　(7)根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系判斷狀語(yǔ)從句連詞的使用 

　�、� It shook violently _89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly (along) the runway and after a long run it stopped safely. 
　　89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so 
　　飛機(jī)著陸與劇烈振動(dòng)之間既有因果關(guān)系，又有時(shí)間上的關(guān)系，但沒(méi)有條件的關(guān)系，因?yàn)檫@里所描述的是具體發(fā)生的事情。如為因果，則著陸為因，振動(dòng)為果；D因果倒置，不對(duì)。表示時(shí)間的連詞while從句中一般與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)動(dòng)作的過(guò)程之中發(fā)生，顯然與本句的情況不符。答案應(yīng)是A，as表示同時(shí)發(fā)生。 
　　 ② Did you ever have someone's name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? __71__ this happens again, do not (try) to recall it. 
　　71. A. As B. When C. While D. Whether 
　　71所表示的應(yīng)該是表示時(shí)間的副詞。A，B，C都可連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，其中A強(qiáng)調(diào)同時(shí)發(fā)生；C強(qiáng)調(diào)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行之中發(fā)生，兩者都與本題不符，答案應(yīng)該是When。 
　�、� Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food __61_ it is badly cooked. 
　　61. A. if B. until C. that D. unless 
　　從意思上講，孩子喜歡與不喜歡某一飯菜和飯菜做的質(zhì)量之間應(yīng)該是條件或因果的關(guān)系。從本句所表達(dá)的方式來(lái)看應(yīng)該是"除非飯菜做的不好，孩子是很少會(huì)不喜歡的"，由此看來(lái)，答案應(yīng)該是D。 
　�、� The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. _71__ these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections), a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable) one. 
　　71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore 
　　從句介紹高速公路的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而主句提出其不足，前后顯然是轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系，從句為讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，答案為A。 

    (8) 注意分析連詞在從句中的作用和語(yǔ)意要求。 

　�、� We know, however, __88__ no two places are exactly the same. 
　　88. A. although B. be C. whether D. that 
　　從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，空格后為賓語(yǔ)從句，A，B不能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，可以排除。從句中沒(méi)有疑問(wèn)或判斷的意思，所以答案應(yīng)該是D。 
　�、� Professors do not have the time to explain __81_ a university library works. 
　　81. A. when B. what C. why D. how 
　　空格后表示解釋的內(nèi)容，自然是做賓語(yǔ)的，為賓語(yǔ)從句。從連詞和句子的關(guān)系來(lái)看，應(yīng)該是表示方式，即解釋如何使用圖書(shū)館，答案為D。 

    (9)注意倒裝的條件 

　　英語(yǔ)中主謂倒裝的情況很多，如，only + 狀語(yǔ)置于句首倒裝，含有否定意味的詞置于句首倒裝；so表示某人也如何；neither/nor表示某人也不如何，置于句首倒裝，虛擬語(yǔ)氣中條件句if省略，將were/should/had置于句首等等。這幾年的完形填空中對(duì)倒裝語(yǔ)序的考查集中在nor的使用上。如： 
　�、� Human brains are the (same). No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (vary) in size, but this occurs within every race. __70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence. 
　　70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So 
　�、� Under __79__ circumstance must a child be coaxed (or) forced to eat. 
　　79. A. some B. such C. such D. no 
　　以上兩題中都是采用了倒裝語(yǔ)序。而四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)為否定詞。按照含有否定意味的詞提前，主謂倒裝的原則，兩題都應(yīng)選擇否定詞。第一題答案為C，表示人腦的大小同智力也沒(méi)有什么關(guān)系；第二題答案為D，表示在任何情況下都不應(yīng)該強(qiáng)迫或哄騙孩子進(jìn)食。 

(二) 運(yùn)用篇章技巧 

　　一個(gè)完整的語(yǔ)篇，一篇內(nèi)容充實(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，行文流暢的短文所依賴的不只是詞匯和語(yǔ)法，更多的是篇章技巧。作者借助于篇章技巧成文，同學(xué)們?cè)趶?fù)現(xiàn)作者的語(yǔ)言時(shí)同樣可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空畢竟不同于單項(xiàng)選擇，作為一個(gè)意思連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)完整的語(yǔ)篇，其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解題中至關(guān)重要的手段。 

1. 運(yùn)用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)技巧： 

　　復(fù)現(xiàn)有原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、概括詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。完形填空中，考生可以利用上下文的復(fù)現(xiàn)信息，確定正確的表達(dá)方式。 

　　1) 原詞復(fù)現(xiàn) 

　　為了表達(dá)的需求，在具體的上下文中同一概念重復(fù)出現(xiàn)�？忌�可以借助于上下文中這一信息選擇答案。如： 

　�、� It can be said that foreign __74__ that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also (creates) problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual.……… Both the visiting professor and his students (lack) background in each others' culture. 
　　74. A. situation B. background C. circumstances D. condition 
　　四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都表示"情況"的概念,而一個(gè)外籍老師的"情況"又該用什么詞來(lái)表達(dá),通過(guò)文章后半部的閱讀考生就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)background一詞，便可判斷此處答案為B。 
　　② As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. ……… Moving the pilot (aside), the man took his seat and listened carefully to the (urgent) instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport (below). The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone's (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. ……… Following __88___, the man guided the plane toward the airfield. 
　　84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view 
　　88. A. impressions B. information C. inspections D. instructions 
　　從上文中的circled可以推斷84"在機(jī)場(chǎng)上盤(pán)旋"應(yīng)該是B。從上文中l(wèi)istened to the instructions可以判斷88為D。這樣，84為上文中circle的復(fù)現(xiàn)；follow instructions 為listen to instructions的復(fù)現(xiàn)。 
③ Again, a word from one language may pass into other languages and __74__ a new meaning. ……… So, in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to __77_ the small tags which a store (attached ) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, (however), gradually developed a different meaning. ……… (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow. 
　　74. A. developed B. pick C. change D. bases 
　　77. A. show B. indicate C. hold D. design 
　　一個(gè)單詞出現(xiàn)的新的意思，用來(lái)表示什么表達(dá)方式可以從下文的復(fù)現(xiàn)信息(黑體字)判斷。這樣考生就用不著為各選項(xiàng)之間的辨析而頭痛。 

　　2) 同義詞、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn) 

　　同義詞，近義詞是借助意思相同或相近的表達(dá)方式，或解釋性的語(yǔ)言使上下文語(yǔ)意得以連接起來(lái)。做完形填空時(shí)，考生應(yīng)注意分析上下文中出現(xiàn)的解釋性語(yǔ)言。如：
 
　�、� Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students.………… It is the __80__responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. 
　　A. student's b. professor's C. assistant's D. librarian's 
　　從前面的responsibilities for learning lie with the students可以判斷查找材料也應(yīng)該是"學(xué)生"的責(zé)任，所以答案為A。 
　�、� That "something special" was men --- (creative) individuals who could invent machines, ………… The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution (came) from many backgrounds and many occupations.………… Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. 
　　76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled 
　　87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered 
　　從上下文來(lái)看，這一部分所談?wù)摰氖侨税l(fā)明機(jī)器的事情。從復(fù)現(xiàn)信息(黑體字)，可以推斷，76、87都應(yīng)該是與發(fā)明有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)。從這一點(diǎn)出發(fā)，就不難判斷，76答案為B；87 答案為B。 
　　 ③ An inventor or one interested in applied science is (usually) trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. 
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means 
applied science 即"應(yīng)用科學(xué)"，從apply一詞可以看出下文復(fù)現(xiàn)的應(yīng)該是 "用"這一概念，所以83答案為C。

　　3) 反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn) 

　　語(yǔ)意的連貫有時(shí)通過(guò)對(duì)比的結(jié)構(gòu)采用反義復(fù)現(xiàn)的手段，或者是以反義的方式對(duì)前文加以解釋。在考試中，考生應(yīng)注意分析這類(lèi)概念復(fù)現(xiàn)，從反義的角度判斷正確的選項(xiàng)。 
　�、� Forcing yourself to recall (almost) never helps because it doesn't ____ your memory; it only tightens it. 
　　81. A. loosen B. weaken C. decrease D. reduce 
　　前后兩部分互為解釋，一為肯定，一為否定，為反義復(fù)現(xiàn)。從下文的tighten可以判斷，上文應(yīng)該是選loosen。 
　　② There are four types of blood. __67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. 
　　67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some 
　　并列連詞and說(shuō)明前后語(yǔ)意一致，那么，前后應(yīng)該是反義復(fù)現(xiàn)，與no 反義的自然是A(all) 。 

　　4) 同源詞復(fù)現(xiàn) 

　　對(duì)于上下文語(yǔ)意復(fù)現(xiàn)的表達(dá)，考生還借助復(fù)現(xiàn)信息的同源詞。如以下各例： 
　�、� Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students. If a long reading assignment is given, the instructors expect students to be familiar with the (information) in the reading …………When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (minimum) guidance. 
　　78. A. collected B. assigned C. distributed D. finished 
　　該部分作者通過(guò)兩個(gè)例子說(shuō)明，應(yīng)該有學(xué)生負(fù)責(zé)自己的學(xué)習(xí)，都是從"布置作業(yè)"方面解釋。說(shuō)明布置閱讀作業(yè)時(shí)要求學(xué)生如何；布置研究作業(yè)時(shí)又該要求學(xué)生如何。兩個(gè)例子概念復(fù)現(xiàn)，借助于give reading assignment的表達(dá)方式，可以確定78應(yīng)該是B，構(gòu)成assign research的結(jié)構(gòu)。 
　�、� (Although) these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections) ………… others are uneven road __85__ through the country. 
　　85. A. driving B. curving C. crossing D. travelling 
　　上文中提高高速公路上的彎道時(shí)用的是curve，85復(fù)現(xiàn)"彎道"的概念，用的應(yīng)該是與curve有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞，即curving。 

　　5) 上義詞復(fù)現(xiàn) 

　　上義詞具有概括的作用。在寫(xiě)作中，有時(shí)為了表達(dá)的需要，作者會(huì)先概述，再分述。概述時(shí)用的為上義詞，分述則用比較具體的下義詞。在解答完形填空時(shí)，考生應(yīng)注意分析這中分總關(guān)系，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)方式。 
　�、� Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of (man) other objectives. 
　　85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific 
　　冒號(hào)后自然是對(duì)上文的解釋，從解釋的內(nèi)容來(lái)看，三者統(tǒng)一于一個(gè)概念之下：specific為具體，所以答案為D。 
　�、� Consider the everyday English __87__ "Goodbye". 
　　87. A. expression B. statement C. proverb D. conversation 
　　Goodbye為所填之詞的同位語(yǔ)，goodbye 為下義詞，其上義詞應(yīng)該是A，expression。 

2．運(yùn)用詞匯同現(xiàn)技巧 

　　同現(xiàn)指意義上相互聯(lián)系的單詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在同一語(yǔ)篇當(dāng)中。一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇，一個(gè)話題，要求與之相連的詞匯。由于單詞意義的差別、所使用的語(yǔ)域不同，因此所適應(yīng)的上下文也各有別。為了保證語(yǔ)篇的和諧性，得體性，有必要一話題為中心，了解有相關(guān)單詞組成的詞匯鏈。 
　　1)場(chǎng)所同現(xiàn) 
　�、� This is thought to be a __89_ where further study is called (for). 
　　89. A. a scope B. field C. range D. district 
　　"研究"就有研究的"領(lǐng)域"、研究的"課題"、從事研究的"人員"。所以" 研究"與"領(lǐng)域"是同現(xiàn)，答案自然就是B。 
　�、� Another (way) to divide the study of __80__ is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the _81__ starts with human beings and _82___ how human beings and their environment act (upon) each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, __84__ branch can neglect the other. 
　　80. A. world     B. earth     C. globe      D. geography 
　　81. A. second    B. next      C. later      D. latter 
　　82. A. learns    B. studies   C. realizes   D. understands 
　　84. A. neither   B. to        C. one        D. by 
　　從文章主題(也就是話題)來(lái)看，本短文所談?wù)摰氖?地理"。地理作為一門(mén)"科學(xué)"有其"研究"的內(nèi)容。所以，geography, science, study是同現(xiàn)詞匯, 80答案為D，這從下文分述中的復(fù)現(xiàn)也可證明；82答案為B，是同現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞。 
　　從上文former的使用可以推斷82答案為D，因former與latter為結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)。 
最后the other的使用說(shuō)明只有兩個(gè)，況且這一段所討論的就是兩種地理觀的區(qū)別，那么兩者都不自然就是neither， 也就是說(shuō)neither與the other本來(lái)是同現(xiàn)關(guān)系。 

　　2)修飾同現(xiàn) 
　　③ (Although) these wide modern roads are generally __72__ and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable one). 
　　72. A. stable 　　B. smooth　　C. splendid 　　D. complicated 
　　74. A. selections 　　B. separations 　　C. series 　　D. sections 
　　本題涉及到名詞同現(xiàn)和形容詞同現(xiàn)。與高速公路同現(xiàn)的形容詞自然應(yīng)該是"平坦"，有高速公路同現(xiàn)的名詞自然有路段。由此來(lái)判斷可知72答案為B，74答案為D。 

　　3)因果同現(xiàn) 
　　④ Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with __78_ traffic during rush hours. 
　　77. A. lead 　　 B. connect 　　C. collect 　　D. communicate 
　　78. A. large 　　B. fast 　   　C. light 　  　D. heavy 
　　道路的作用是連接人們有去之處,目的是為了交通,因此,highways, connect, traffic為同現(xiàn)詞匯，而與traffic同現(xiàn)的形容詞有l(wèi)ight, heavy。由此可見(jiàn)77答案為B，78答案可為C，也可為D。但與rush hour同現(xiàn)的卻只能是heavy traffic，所以78題答案為D。 

　　4)結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn) 
　　⑤ _84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads (curving) through the country. 
　　84. A. All B. Lots C. Several D. Some 
　　如果考生熟悉some與others結(jié)構(gòu)上的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系，就用不著在分析數(shù)量上下功夫，答案自然可得。 
　�、� Never ask a child __64__ he likes or dislikes a food and never (discuss) likes and dislikes in front of or allow (anyone) else to do so. 
　　64. A. whether B. what C. that D. which 
　　本題考查的乃是結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)，與or 搭配的只有whether，即A。 

　　5)同義同現(xiàn) 
　�、� If a student has problem with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment. 
　　89. A. greet   B. attach    C. approach   D. annoy 
　　90. A. or      B. and       C. to         D. but 
　　90 與either構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn) either … or，89與make an appointment為近義同現(xiàn)。make an appointment就是approach(接近)老師的一種方式，所以89題答案為C. 

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