2．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞解題策略

1）正確判斷非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

　　這類(lèi)題一般出現(xiàn)在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果在選項(xiàng)與句子之間沒(méi)有連詞，則說(shuō)明，所選為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，既名詞或主格代詞 + 分詞。
All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered 　　B. be considered 　　C. considering 　　D. having considered (1998.6)
　　句子沒(méi)有連詞，說(shuō)明所選結(jié)構(gòu)不屬于從句，那么就是獨(dú)立主格做狀語(yǔ)，根據(jù)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是A。
____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6)
A. Other things being equal 　　B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal
　　做狀語(yǔ)的可以是從句，但B的結(jié)構(gòu)是虛擬條件，與這里不符，不表目的，C不對(duì)，不表將來(lái)，獨(dú)立主格中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能是不定式，答案為A。

4） 判斷動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的方式

　　主語(yǔ)位置上，或動(dòng)詞、介詞后的"名詞代詞 + 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞"，如果表示的是一個(gè)事件則是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是"名詞 + 定語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left 　　B. being left　　 C. leaving D　　. be left
　　insist on后不接從句，D可以排除。這里表達(dá)的是堅(jiān)持要求"開(kāi)著窗子睡覺(jué)"，所以應(yīng)該是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為B。

The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked 　　B. was blocked 　　C. blocking　　 D. being blocked
　　做主語(yǔ)的表示上班遲到的原因，自然應(yīng)該是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被堵的道路"，所以還是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為D。

The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted 　　B. admitted 　　C. having been admitted 　　D. having admitted
　　消息表達(dá)的應(yīng)該是個(gè)事件，說(shuō)明不是"被錄取的孩子"，介詞of后不可能接從句，說(shuō)明of后為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案是C。

3） 注意分析非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系

　　正確判斷非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與起邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系是正確選擇非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式的保證，不管是做什么成分的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都體現(xiàn)以下特點(diǎn)：
如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞；
如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則用過(guò)去分詞；
如果表示將來(lái)，則用動(dòng)詞不定式。
　　這是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞運(yùn)用的基本原則，然后再根據(jù)其不同的作用，掌握其更細(xì)的規(guī)則。如：

(1)做定語(yǔ)時(shí)

　　做定語(yǔ)的可以是動(dòng)名詞、分詞或不定式。動(dòng)名詞做前置定語(yǔ)，所構(gòu)成的大多為固定短語(yǔ)，四級(jí)考試一般不涉及。主要考查分詞和不定式做定語(yǔ)。分詞或不定式做定語(yǔ)一般做后置定語(yǔ)。
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished 　　B. being accomplished 　　C. to be accomplished 　　D. having been accomplished

② Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1)
A. done 　　B. be done 　　C. having done 　　D. to have been done

③ As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households
or more.(1998.1)
A. having 　　B. to have　　C. to have had 　　D. having had

④ Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists.
A. invited 　　B. were invited 　　C. inviting 　　D. to invite

做定語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有一下幾種形式：

"doing 結(jié)構(gòu)":分詞與中心詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,表示正在進(jìn)行,或狀態(tài)。如③
"being done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與中心詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示被動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行，如：No one is to enter the building being repaired.
"to be done結(jié)構(gòu)"：不定式與中心詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示將來(lái)和被動(dòng)，如①。
"done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與中心詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示被動(dòng)、完成或一般，如②④。
"to do結(jié)構(gòu)"：不定式與中心詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示將來(lái)。如：The professor to give us a speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works.
完成形式不能做定語(yǔ)，包括分詞的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。

(2)做狀語(yǔ)

　　做狀語(yǔ)的可以是不定式，也可以是分詞。大體結(jié)構(gòu)有：
"doing 結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與句子主語(yǔ)為主謂關(guān)系，表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是同時(shí)存在的狀態(tài)。如：
______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed 　　B. Believing 　　C. Believed 　　D. Being believed

"done結(jié)構(gòu)"：只要分詞與句子主語(yǔ)間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系就可以用過(guò)去分詞，可以表示完成，可以表示正在進(jìn)行，也可以表示條件。如：
_______ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A. Too look at 　　B. Looking at 　　C. Looked at 　　D. To be looked at (2000.1)

He came in, followed by a group of reporters.

"having done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與句子主語(yǔ)是主謂關(guān)系，切發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。Having seen the film already, I declined his invitation to go to the cinema.

"having been done結(jié)構(gòu)"：該結(jié)構(gòu)表示完成被動(dòng)，即分詞與句子主語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。如：Having been showed many times, he still didn't understand the operation of the machine.

"to do 結(jié)構(gòu)"：這是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中可以做目的狀語(yǔ)，也可以做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，但不定式動(dòng)作總是發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。如：
_______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.
A. To become 　　B. Become 　　C. One becomes 　　D. On becoming

　　表結(jié)果時(shí)一般為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如too …to…, enough to….，或是表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，�？杉訕�(gòu)成only to的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herself in hospital.
"being done結(jié)構(gòu)"：該結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)與正在進(jìn)行，一般置于句首，表示原因。如：Being chased by some spies, he hid himself in the grass.

(2)做表語(yǔ)

　　測(cè)試中對(duì)表語(yǔ)的考查主要側(cè)重在現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別上，所以對(duì)于做表語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，主要看分詞與句子主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。做表語(yǔ)的分詞一般只有doing和done兩種形式�，F(xiàn)在分詞表示做表語(yǔ)的與主語(yǔ)是主謂關(guān)系；過(guò)去分詞表示做表語(yǔ)的與主語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。根據(jù)使用規(guī)律，如果主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命名詞，則表語(yǔ)分詞為現(xiàn)在分詞；如果主語(yǔ)是有生命名詞，以過(guò)去分詞居多，但也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞，但意思不同。如：
How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望)
How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election. (他令人失望）
　　可接表語(yǔ)的系動(dòng)詞很多，除be外還有remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。

(3)做補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

　　一般做賓補(bǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞的形式選擇與其它成分中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式選擇規(guī)則基本相同。 doing結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞與賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，表正在進(jìn)行。
When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and
started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating 　　B. cheat 　　C. to cheat 　　D. to be cheating

　　done結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞與賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示被動(dòng)與完成。
Don't get your schedule _____;stay with us in this class.(1996.1)
A. to change 　　B. changing　　 C. changed 　　D. change

　　to do 結(jié)構(gòu)：不定式表示將來(lái)，如wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebody to do等等。

being done結(jié)構(gòu)：表示被動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行, watch the flag being raised
Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe
until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.(2000.1)
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated
C. having cultivated D. cultivating
　　to be done結(jié)構(gòu)：用語(yǔ)表示將來(lái)與被動(dòng)，一般用語(yǔ)主謂關(guān)系時(shí)可用to做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞后，如：want something to be done, order something to be done 完成形式不能做賓補(bǔ)。

4） 注意分析非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做什么狀語(yǔ)

　　不同的狀語(yǔ)對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定式，另外，測(cè)試中也常有選擇非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前連詞的試題。因此，同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意根據(jù)狀語(yǔ)與句子間的關(guān)系，判斷連詞的使用。

5） 注意不定式的特殊句式

　　不定式在做定語(yǔ)和做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)都有其特殊句式，注意這些句式的特點(diǎn)，考試中就會(huì)少走一點(diǎn)彎路。如：
have something to do類(lèi)：
　　這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的連動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，即"有事要做"，"買(mǎi)東西吃"，"借書(shū)看"等。
a room in which to live類(lèi)：
該類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)是a room to live in 的變體。但如果不熟悉這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，考試中則難以決斷。如：
You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent.(1998.1)
　　A. there 　　B. them 　　C. which 　　D. where
The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on 　　B. to base on 　　C. which to base on 　　D. on which to base
the first to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示如果名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)本身做名詞用，其后應(yīng)不定式做定語(yǔ)。
the ability to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示，形容詞變了的名詞后用不定式做定語(yǔ)。
the need to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示由動(dòng)詞變來(lái)的名詞后用不定式做定語(yǔ)。
the way to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示，在一些特定的名詞后面常用不定式做定語(yǔ)，應(yīng)注意記憶，如means, reason, time, pressure, moment。

6） 熟記固定搭配，分清不定式與to加動(dòng)名詞

　　其實(shí)容易產(chǎn)生不定式符號(hào)與介詞混淆的只是為數(shù)不多的某些句式，只要平時(shí)注意積累即可。
prefer doing something to doing something
look forward to doing something
be used to doing something (習(xí)慣于做某事)
stick to doing something
object to doing something/ have objection to doing something
be opposed to doing something
admit/confess to doing something

I have no objection _____ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
從出題人的心理來(lái)看，如果有to do something和 to doing something的對(duì)比項(xiàng)，一般答案是to doing something。

7） 分清賓補(bǔ)的類(lèi)別

(1)感官動(dòng)詞后的賓補(bǔ)可以是
doing, do, done, being done的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中being done 只用于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞后面， 如find, smell, feel等。

(2)have somebody do something 讓某人做某事
have somebody doing something 讓某人一直做某事
won't have somebody do something 不許某人做某事
have something done 使某事被做
have something + ving 讓……一直……

(3)catch,smell,keep,set,等只能接doing的結(jié)構(gòu),表示主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行。

(4)leave somebody doing something 讓某人一直做某事
leave something undone 使某事只做了一半
leave something to be done 事情有待于解決
leave somebody to do something讓某事做某事，表示將來(lái)

(5)with somebody to do something賓補(bǔ)與賓語(yǔ)是主謂關(guān)系，表示將來(lái)。
with somebody doing something 賓補(bǔ)與賓語(yǔ)之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示正在進(jìn)行。
with something to do 賓補(bǔ)與賓語(yǔ)間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示將來(lái)，動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者在句中找的著。
with something to be done賓補(bǔ)與賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示將來(lái)，但動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者在句中找不著。
with something done 賓補(bǔ)與賓語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示完成。

8） 注意下列結(jié)構(gòu)中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的體

pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something
不定式動(dòng)作一般為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可是終止性動(dòng)詞，表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)存在或發(fā)生。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something
不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something
不定式動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)進(jìn)行

9)熟記哪些動(dòng)詞后接不定式,哪些接動(dòng)名詞,如果兩者都可，又有什么差別。

　　既可接不定式,又可接動(dòng)名詞,用法有別的動(dòng)詞常考的有: forget,remember, regret, mean, try等。

10）注意want/need/require表示"需要"時(shí)的特殊句式

want/need/require表"需要"時(shí)，后接主動(dòng)的動(dòng)名詞或被動(dòng)的不定式，即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。

3. 自我測(cè)試

　　以上我們簡(jiǎn)要分析了四級(jí)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)策略，下面，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們做《語(yǔ)法分冊(cè)》第八、九兩章中的自測(cè)練習(xí)。

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