2．非謂語動詞解題策略

1）正確判斷非謂語動詞

　　這類題一般出現(xiàn)在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果在選項與句子之間沒有連詞，則說明，所選為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，既名詞或主格代詞 + 分詞。
All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered 　　B. be considered 　　C. considering 　　D. having considered (1998.6)
　　句子沒有連詞，說明所選結(jié)構(gòu)不屬于從句，那么就是獨(dú)立主格做狀語，根據(jù)動詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系為動賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是A。
____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6)
A. Other things being equal 　　B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal
　　做狀語的可以是從句，但B的結(jié)構(gòu)是虛擬條件，與這里不符，不表目的，C不對，不表將來，獨(dú)立主格中非謂語動詞不能是不定式，答案為A。

4） 判斷動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的方式

　　主語位置上，或動詞、介詞后的"名詞代詞 + 非謂語動詞"，如果表示的是一個事件則是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是"名詞 + 定語。請看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left 　　B. being left　　 C. leaving D　　. be left
　　insist on后不接從句，D可以排除。這里表達(dá)的是堅持要求"開著窗子睡覺"，所以應(yīng)該是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為B。

The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked 　　B. was blocked 　　C. blocking　　 D. being blocked
　　做主語的表示上班遲到的原因，自然應(yīng)該是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被堵的道路"，所以還是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為D。

The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted 　　B. admitted 　　C. having been admitted 　　D. having admitted
　　消息表達(dá)的應(yīng)該是個事件，說明不是"被錄取的孩子"，介詞of后不可能接從句，說明of后為動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案是C。

3） 注意分析非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系

　　正確判斷非謂語動詞與起邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系是正確選擇非謂語動詞形式的保證，不管是做什么成分的非謂語動詞都體現(xiàn)以下特點(diǎn)：
如果非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間是主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞；
如果非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間是動賓關(guān)系，則用過去分詞；
如果表示將來，則用動詞不定式。
　　這是非謂語動詞運(yùn)用的基本原則，然后再根據(jù)其不同的作用，掌握其更細(xì)的規(guī)則。如：

(1)做定語時

　　做定語的可以是動名詞、分詞或不定式。動名詞做前置定語，所構(gòu)成的大多為固定短語，四級考試一般不涉及。主要考查分詞和不定式做定語。分詞或不定式做定語一般做后置定語。
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished 　　B. being accomplished 　　C. to be accomplished 　　D. having been accomplished

② Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1)
A. done 　　B. be done 　　C. having done 　　D. to have been done

③ As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households
or more.(1998.1)
A. having 　　B. to have　　C. to have had 　　D. having had

④ Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists.
A. invited 　　B. were invited 　　C. inviting 　　D. to invite

做定語的非謂語動詞有一下幾種形式：

"doing 結(jié)構(gòu)":分詞與中心詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,表示正在進(jìn)行,或狀態(tài)。如③
"being done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與中心詞之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示被動和正在進(jìn)行，如：No one is to enter the building being repaired.
"to be done結(jié)構(gòu)"：不定式與中心詞之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示將來和被動，如①。
"done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與中心詞之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示被動、完成或一般，如②④。
"to do結(jié)構(gòu)"：不定式與中心詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示將來。如：The professor to give us a speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works.
完成形式不能做定語，包括分詞的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。

(2)做狀語

　　做狀語的可以是不定式，也可以是分詞。大體結(jié)構(gòu)有：
"doing 結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與句子主語為主謂關(guān)系，表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或基本上同時發(fā)生，或是同時存在的狀態(tài)。如：
______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed 　　B. Believing 　　C. Believed 　　D. Being believed

"done結(jié)構(gòu)"：只要分詞與句子主語間是動賓關(guān)系就可以用過去分詞，可以表示完成，可以表示正在進(jìn)行，也可以表示條件。如：
_______ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A. Too look at 　　B. Looking at 　　C. Looked at 　　D. To be looked at (2000.1)

He came in, followed by a group of reporters.

"having done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與句子主語是主謂關(guān)系，切發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。Having seen the film already, I declined his invitation to go to the cinema.

"having been done結(jié)構(gòu)"：該結(jié)構(gòu)表示完成被動，即分詞與句子主語之間是動賓關(guān)系，且發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。如：Having been showed many times, he still didn't understand the operation of the machine.

"to do 結(jié)構(gòu)"：這是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中可以做目的狀語，也可以做結(jié)果狀語，但不定式動作總是發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后。如：
_______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.
A. To become 　　B. Become 　　C. One becomes 　　D. On becoming

　　表結(jié)果時一般為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如too …to…, enough to….，或是表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，常可加構(gòu)成only to的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herself in hospital.
"being done結(jié)構(gòu)"：該結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動與正在進(jìn)行，一般置于句首，表示原因。如：Being chased by some spies, he hid himself in the grass.

(2)做表語

　　測試中對表語的考查主要側(cè)重在現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別上，所以對于做表語的非謂語動詞，主要看分詞與句子主語之間的關(guān)系。做表語的分詞一般只有doing和done兩種形式。現(xiàn)在分詞表示做表語的與主語是主謂關(guān)系；過去分詞表示做表語的與主語之間是動賓關(guān)系。根據(jù)使用規(guī)律，如果主語是無生命名詞，則表語分詞為現(xiàn)在分詞；如果主語是有生命名詞，以過去分詞居多，但也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞，但意思不同。如：
How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望)
How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election. (他令人失望）
　　可接表語的系動詞很多，除be外還有remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。

(3)做補(bǔ)足語

　　一般做賓補(bǔ)的非謂語動詞動詞的形式選擇與其它成分中的非謂語動詞形式選擇規(guī)則基本相同。 doing結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞與賓語構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，表正在進(jìn)行。
When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and
started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating 　　B. cheat 　　C. to cheat 　　D. to be cheating

　　done結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞與賓語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，表示被動與完成。
Don't get your schedule _____;stay with us in this class.(1996.1)
A. to change 　　B. changing　　 C. changed 　　D. change

　　to do 結(jié)構(gòu)：不定式表示將來，如wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebody to do等等。

being done結(jié)構(gòu)：表示被動和正在進(jìn)行, watch the flag being raised
Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe
until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.(2000.1)
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated
C. having cultivated D. cultivating
　　to be done結(jié)構(gòu)：用語表示將來與被動，一般用語主謂關(guān)系時可用to做賓補(bǔ)的動詞后，如：want something to be done, order something to be done 完成形式不能做賓補(bǔ)。

4） 注意分析非謂語動詞做什么狀語

　　不同的狀語對非謂語動詞的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定式，另外，測試中也常有選擇非謂語動詞前連詞的試題。因此，同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意根據(jù)狀語與句子間的關(guān)系，判斷連詞的使用。

5） 注意不定式的特殊句式

　　不定式在做定語和做狀語時都有其特殊句式，注意這些句式的特點(diǎn)，考試中就會少走一點(diǎn)彎路。如：
have something to do類：
　　這類結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于漢語的連動結(jié)構(gòu)，即"有事要做"，"買東西吃"，"借書看"等。
a room in which to live類：
該類結(jié)構(gòu)是a room to live in 的變體。但如果不熟悉這個結(jié)構(gòu)，考試中則難以決斷。如：
You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent.(1998.1)
　　A. there 　　B. them 　　C. which 　　D. where
The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on 　　B. to base on 　　C. which to base on 　　D. on which to base
the first to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示如果名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞、最高級本身做名詞用，其后應(yīng)不定式做定語。
the ability to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示，形容詞變了的名詞后用不定式做定語。
the need to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示由動詞變來的名詞后用不定式做定語。
the way to do
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示，在一些特定的名詞后面常用不定式做定語，應(yīng)注意記憶，如means, reason, time, pressure, moment。

6） 熟記固定搭配，分清不定式與to加動名詞

　　其實(shí)容易產(chǎn)生不定式符號與介詞混淆的只是為數(shù)不多的某些句式，只要平時注意積累即可。
prefer doing something to doing something
look forward to doing something
be used to doing something (習(xí)慣于做某事)
stick to doing something
object to doing something/ have objection to doing something
be opposed to doing something
admit/confess to doing something

I have no objection _____ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
從出題人的心理來看，如果有to do something和 to doing something的對比項，一般答案是to doing something。

7） 分清賓補(bǔ)的類別

(1)感官動詞后的賓補(bǔ)可以是
doing, do, done, being done的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中being done 只用于少數(shù)動詞后面， 如find, smell, feel等。

(2)have somebody do something 讓某人做某事
have somebody doing something 讓某人一直做某事
won't have somebody do something 不許某人做某事
have something done 使某事被做
have something + ving 讓……一直……

(3)catch,smell,keep,set,等只能接doing的結(jié)構(gòu),表示主動和正在進(jìn)行。

(4)leave somebody doing something 讓某人一直做某事
leave something undone 使某事只做了一半
leave something to be done 事情有待于解決
leave somebody to do something讓某事做某事，表示將來

(5)with somebody to do something賓補(bǔ)與賓語是主謂關(guān)系，表示將來。
with somebody doing something 賓補(bǔ)與賓語之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示正在進(jìn)行。
with something to do 賓補(bǔ)與賓語間是動賓關(guān)系，表示將來，動作執(zhí)行者在句中找的著。
with something to be done賓補(bǔ)與賓語是動賓關(guān)系，表示將來，但動作執(zhí)行者在句中找不著。
with something done 賓補(bǔ)與賓語之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示完成。

8） 注意下列結(jié)構(gòu)中非謂語動詞的體

pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something
不定式動作一般為狀態(tài)動詞，也可是終止性動詞，表示與謂語動詞同時存在或發(fā)生。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something
不定式動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something
不定式動作與謂語動詞同時進(jìn)行

9)熟記哪些動詞后接不定式,哪些接動名詞,如果兩者都可，又有什么差別。

　　既可接不定式,又可接動名詞,用法有別的動詞常考的有: forget,remember, regret, mean, try等。

10）注意want/need/require表示"需要"時的特殊句式

want/need/require表"需要"時，后接主動的動名詞或被動的不定式，即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。

3. 自我測試

　　以上我們簡要分析了四級英語測試中非謂語動詞的考查特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對策略，下面，請同學(xué)們做《語法分冊》第八、九兩章中的自測練習(xí)。

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