同學們，大家好！

　　這一講我們一起來分析一下非謂語動詞等語法項目的測試特點和應對策略。

一、 非謂語動詞

　　近幾年的語法測試中非謂語動詞約占31.1%，平均每年近5道題，可謂是語法項目考查的重點，那么非謂語動詞的考查都有哪些特點，解答時又應注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起來分析一下：

1、非謂語動詞考查特點

1) 謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的判斷
　　對謂語動詞與非謂語動詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled

　　四個選項中有三個是謂語動詞，只有D是非謂語動詞，只要同學們能判斷出這里是非謂語動詞做狀語，則不用考慮時態(tài)的問題，答案自明。

2) 謂語動詞后不定式與動名詞的選擇

　　謂語動詞后接不定式還是接動名詞也是四級語法測試中的一個題眼。如：

① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
(2000.1)
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have
got in.(1996.1)
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut(1997.6)

　　這類題涉及三個方面：
　　謂語動詞后應該接不定式還是動名詞？
　　即可接不定式又可接動名詞時，結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上有何差別？
　　不定式與動名詞用主動形式還是用被動形式？

3) 做定語的非謂語動詞的選擇

　　從近幾年的考查情況來看，對做定語的非謂語動詞的考查有兩種情況：
(1)對一般概念的考查，而不是固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語動詞做定語。如：
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(1999.6)
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor
and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.(1996.6)
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected

　　同學們只要掌握非謂語動詞做定語的一般的規(guī)律,就可以判斷①題答案為C，②題答案為D。

(2)對固定結(jié)構(gòu)的考查，如：

① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his
arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it
also puts them under a constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing
C. to be competed D. having competed
①題為不定式做定語的固定形式，答案為D，②題為某些特定名詞的定語結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為A。在英語中有些名詞，如動詞變來的名詞，形容詞變來的名詞，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定語，不定式?jīng)]有體的變化。

4) 做狀語的非謂語動詞的選擇

　　做狀語的非謂語動詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇，如：

① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6)
A. Having believed 　　B. Believing 　　C. Believed 　　D. Being Believed

② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.(1995.1)
A. To become 　　B. Become 　　C. One becomes 　　D. On becoming

③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.(1995.1)
A. not wanted 　　B. no to want 　　C. not wanting　　 D. wanting not
④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1)
A. Believe 　　B. To believe 　　C. Believing 　　D. Believed

從以上各題來看，考查的側(cè)重點有：

(1)狀語類別的判斷
　　不同的狀語對非謂語動詞的要求不同，目的狀語要求用不定式，如②。
(2)非謂語動詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關系
　　根據(jù)主謂關系或動賓關系的不同來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞。
(3)非謂語動詞的否定形式
　　not否定非謂語動詞時置于非謂語動詞之前，如③。
(4) 獨立成分
　　有些非謂語動詞的使用不受與句子主語關系的限制，稱為獨立成分，這類成 分只記憶即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。

5) 做補足語的非謂語動詞的選擇

　　做賓語補足語的非謂語動詞受謂語動詞的限制，不同動詞后的賓語補足語形式要求不同。近幾年對各類賓補都有考查。如：
① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.(1998.1)
A. install 　　B. to install 　　C. to be installed 　　D. installed

② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory
dispute ______.(1998.6)
A. being settled 　　B. to be settled 　　C. had settled 　　D. as settled

③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.(2000.6)
A. to be advertised 　　B. advertised 　　C. advertise 　　D. advertising

④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)
A. wondered 　　B. wonder 　　C. to wonder 　　D. wondering

⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.(1997.1)
A. cheating 　　B. cheat 　　C. to cheat 　　D. to be cheating

⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the
audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.(2000.1)
A. having seated 　　B. seating 　　C. seated　　 D. having been seated

考查涉及到感官動詞后的賓語補足語，如③。

have, make, let, leave等特殊單詞后的賓語補足語。
regard類后面的賓語補足語
with獨立分句后面的
常用動詞后面的賓語補足語。

6) 做表語的非謂語動詞的選擇

　　表語的考查多側(cè)重于分詞做表語形式的選擇，很少有動名詞的用法的考查，雖然選項中有不定式作為干擾項，只要能看出是做表語的也就不用考慮。如：
① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the
mountain.(1999.6)
A. isolated 　　B. isolating 　　C. being isolated 　　D. having been isolated

② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.(2000.6)
A. unrecorded 　　B. to be unrecorded 　　C. unrecording 　　D. to have been unrecorded

　　分詞做表語可以做系動詞be的表語，也可以做其它系動詞的表語，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。這些系動詞后非謂語動詞的餓用法規(guī)則是相同的。

7) to作為介詞與作為不定式符號的選擇

to可以是介詞，也可以用來引導不定式，四級考試中對種類用法的考查也比較多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear 　　B. to hearing 　　C. to having heard 　　D. to have heard

② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.(1996.6)
A. to dealing 　　B. in dealing 　　C. dealing 　　D. to deal

③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager
of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told 　　B. be told 　　C. being told 　　D. having told

　　這類考題的考查方式有兩種，一是四個選項中有兩個相對的選項to do something 和 to doing something，這時考查的自然是to的性質(zhì)；另一種是to在題干中，如③。

8) 分詞前連詞的使用

　　分詞前連詞的使用是為了使分詞的作用更加明了，使考生更加準確地理解試題�？疾橛袃煞N情況
(1)根據(jù)連詞選擇適當?shù)姆衷~形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1)
A. scolding 　　B. to scold 　　C. having scolded 　　D. scolded
　　when的使用說明非謂語動詞做時間狀語，答案不可能是B，從scold與句子主語間的邏輯關系來看，應該是動賓關系，答案應該是D。

(2)根據(jù)狀語的功能選擇不同的連詞
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of
patient do not take drugs ___ directed.(1996.1)
A. like 　　B. so 　　C. which 　　D. as
　　由上下文的意思可以看出，分詞所做的是方式狀語，連詞應該是as。

9) 非謂語動詞的體

　　非謂語動詞中分詞的體有完成體和進行體，即having done, having been done和being done，完成體只用于做狀語的場合，而進行體可以用于做定語和做補足語。
　　動名詞的體也有having done, having been done和 being done的結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于做主語和賓語的場合。
　　不定式的體有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told 　　B. be told 　　C. being told 　　D. having told
having told在句中做介詞賓語，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。

② I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1)
A. to get worse 　　B. to be getting worse 　　C. to have got worse 　　D. getting worse
　　從all the time的使用可以推斷get worse是一個漸變過程，所以用不定式的進行體。

③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started.(1995.1)
A. being delivered 　　B. was delivered 　　C. be delivered 　　D. having been delivered
　　該結(jié)構(gòu)屬于獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做時間狀語，狀語分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，所以應該用完成體，答案為D。

10）動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)

　　動名詞符合結(jié)構(gòu)可以做主語、賓語和表語，在對動名詞的考查中總是將其邏輯主語包括進來，形成動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)：
① _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents
wished for.(1999.1)
A. The girl was educated 　　B. The girl educated
C. The girl's being educated　　 D. The girl to be educated
　　本題涉及題眼比較多，A，為從句做主語，但缺少that，D為不定式做主語，但缺少for(for the girl to be educated)，B結(jié)構(gòu)不能做主語，答案是C，為動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。

② Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.
A. there being a chance 　　B. there to be a chance
C. there be a chance 　　D. being a chance
　　介詞后用動名詞，表示存在時必須用there be句型，所以答案為A，這也是動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)，there為動名詞的邏輯主語。

③ I don't mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making 　　B. your delaying making
C. you delaying to make 　　D. you delay to make (2000.1)
　　Mind要求接動名詞,動名詞的邏輯主語用形容詞性物主代詞，答案自然是B。

④ I would appreciate _____ it a secret.(1995.6)
A. your keeping 　　B. you to keep 　　C. that you keep 　　D. that you will keep

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