7in addition (to)

　　In addition， there are some magazines on the table.

　　In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast.

　　8make decision

　　9help with

　　At weekends I often help my mother with the housework.

　　10in contrast

　　11give up

　　12get ready for

　　13be busy doing

　　14in conclusion

　　15instead of

　　本課主要語(yǔ)法：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)詞要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。

　　如：I clean the window.(主動(dòng))

　　The window is cleaned by me.(被動(dòng))

　　根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)的不同，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的be動(dòng)詞可以有各種變化：

　　時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)句 被動(dòng)句 be 的變化

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) He cleans the window. The window is cleaned by him. is

　　一般過(guò)去時(shí) He cleaned the window. The window was cleaned by him. was

　　一般將來(lái)時(shí) He will clean the window. The window will be cleaned by him. will be

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) He is cleaning the window. The window is being cleaned by him. is being

　　過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) He was cleaning the window. The window was being cleaned by him. was being

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) He has cleaned the window. The window has been cleaned by him. has been

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí) He had cleaned the window. The window had been cleaned by him. had been

　　將來(lái)完成時(shí) He will have cleaned the window. The window will have been cleaned by him. will have been

　　進(jìn)行時(shí)較少用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　2.一些特殊形式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

　　1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有以下幾種情況：

　　a).表示喜歡、希望、想要及與其相似意義的動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式，由不定式的被動(dòng)式構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：He wants someone to take photographs. 他想找個(gè)人來(lái)照些相。(主動(dòng))

　　He wants photographs to be taken. 他想找個(gè)人來(lái)照些相。(被動(dòng))

　　b) 表示命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告、邀請(qǐng)的動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+不定式，可以用主要?jiǎng)釉~的被動(dòng)式構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：He invited me to go.他邀請(qǐng)我去。(主動(dòng))

　　I was invited to go.我被邀請(qǐng)去。(被動(dòng))

　　但是，如果是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+間接賓語(yǔ)+不定式+賓語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)，則可以用兩種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一種是如上述將主要?jiǎng)釉~變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)�；蛘哂谩癮dvise等動(dòng)詞+that…should+被動(dòng)式” 構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　如：He urged the Council to reduce the rates.他敦請(qǐng)市議會(huì)減輕捐稅。(主動(dòng))

　　The Council was urged to reduce the rates.市議會(huì)被敦請(qǐng)減輕捐稅。(被動(dòng))

　　He urged that the rates should be reduced.他敦請(qǐng)市議會(huì)減輕捐稅。(被動(dòng))

　　在句子中，動(dòng)詞后面直接是不定式作賓語(yǔ)，沒(méi)有間接賓語(yǔ)，所以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)只有一種形式，即用that …should結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　He decided to sell the house.他決定把房子賣(mài)了。(主動(dòng))

　　He decided that the house should be sold.他決定，房子必須得賣(mài)掉。(被動(dòng))

　　2)動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

　　如是advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+動(dòng)名詞+賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，通常用that…should結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　如：He recommended using bullet-proof glass.他建議用防彈玻璃。(主動(dòng))

　　He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.他建議應(yīng)該使用防彈玻璃。(被動(dòng))

　　其它動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式來(lái)表示：

　　如： I remember them taking me to the Zoo.我記得他們?cè)��?jīng)帶我去過(guò)動(dòng)物園。(主動(dòng))

　　I remember being taken to the Zoo.我記的被帶到動(dòng)物園去過(guò)。(被動(dòng))

　　3)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

　　含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞。

　　如：You must shut these doors.你必須把這些門(mén)關(guān)上。(主動(dòng))

　　These doors must be shut.這些門(mén)必須關(guān)上。(被動(dòng))

　　You should have told him.你本應(yīng)該告訴他。(主動(dòng))

　　He should have been told.本應(yīng)該告訴他才是。(被動(dòng))

　　4)帶有直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的句子，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)候，只把一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另外一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)保留在動(dòng)詞后面，這種句子可以有兩個(gè)被動(dòng)句。

　　如：His teacher gave him a book.他的老師給了他一本書(shū)。(主動(dòng))

　　A book was given to him by his teacher.(被動(dòng))

　　He was given a book by his teacher. (被動(dòng))

　　Someone gave her a dog.有人送給她一只狗。(主動(dòng))

　　A dog was given to her. (被動(dòng))

　　She was given a dog. (被動(dòng))

　　兩種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，第二種形式比第一種形式更為常用，即應(yīng)該把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。

　　5)含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)仍保留在動(dòng)詞之后，成為主補(bǔ)。

　　如：We call him Xiao Wang.我們叫他小王。(主動(dòng))

　　He was called Xiao Wang.他被叫小王。(被動(dòng))

　　We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again.我們要求老師把這個(gè)句子再解釋一次。(主動(dòng))

　　The teacher was asked to explain the sentence again.老師被要求把這個(gè)句子再解釋一次。(被動(dòng))

　　注：make, hear, watch, see, feel, let, have等動(dòng)詞在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，其后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式一般不帶to，但當(dāng)用于被動(dòng)句時(shí)，后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式必須帶有to。

　　如：She saw a man go into the room.她看見(jiàn)一個(gè)男人走進(jìn)屋里。(主動(dòng))

長(zhǎng)按/掃描二維碼關(guān)注 助自考一臂之力

獲取2021自考報(bào)名時(shí)間

獲取最后6套預(yù)測(cè)卷

免費(fèi)獲取8次直播課程

獲取歷年自考真題答案

萬(wàn)題庫(kù)下載丨微信搜索"萬(wàn)題庫(kù)自考"

　　相關(guān)鏈接：

　　2021自考報(bào)名方法 ※ 2021年自考報(bào)名條件 ※ 各地自考政策匯總

　　各地自考報(bào)名入口 ※ 自考報(bào)考指南專(zhuān)題 ※ 自考?xì)v年真題及答案

　　各地2021年自學(xué)考試時(shí)間安排匯總 ※ 各地2021自學(xué)考試報(bào)名時(shí)間