6. It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth's crust.
It is thought that…是一個(gè)很常用的句型,類(lèi)似的句型在英語(yǔ)中很多,比如:
1) It is / was, has been…, reported that…
2) It is / was, has been…, stated that…
3) It is / was, has been…, pointed out that…
4) It is / was, has been…, mentioned that…
5) It is / was, has been…, believed that…
7. A. There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been formed.
B. The first known area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of years ago.
定語(yǔ)從句可分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。A句是限定性定語(yǔ)從句,B句是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。A、B兩句中都是用關(guān)系副詞where來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。請(qǐng)看下面的句子,注意限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi):
1) Is there a shop around where we can get some fruit? (附近有什么商店可以買(mǎi)到水果嗎?)
2) This is the place where we met yesterday. (這是我們昨天碰頭的地方。)
3) The small town, where he once worked, has turned to be a modern city. (他曾經(jīng)工作過(guò)的那座小城,已經(jīng)變成現(xiàn)代化的城市了。)
8. In the 1600's…(十七世紀(jì))
In the 1720's…(十八世紀(jì)二十年代)
In the 1800's…(十九世紀(jì))
請(qǐng)注意年代的表達(dá)方法,以上的年代也可以表達(dá)為in the 1600s; in the 1720s; in the 1800s.如果我們要表達(dá)“在十七世紀(jì)初(中、末)期”,則可以說(shuō)in the early(mid, late) 1600's/1600s.
9. Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe.
become / be popular with / among是一個(gè)常用詞組,意思是“受…歡迎”,
10. India's supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2,500 yeas of mining the stones.
Supply在句子中做名詞用,意思是“供應(yīng)”。Supply常?梢宰鰟(dòng)詞用,意思是“供給,提供”。
run out是一個(gè)常用詞組,意思是“用完,用盡”。請(qǐng)看例句:
1) Time is running out. We have to hurry. (時(shí)間快到了,我們得快點(diǎn)。)
2) My patience is running out. (我快要耐不住了。)
3) His luck seemed to have run out. (他的好運(yùn)似乎結(jié)束了。)
我們也可以用run out來(lái)表達(dá)類(lèi)似的意思,但run out of的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“某人”。如:
1) They have run out of money, so they have to find a job. (他們錢(qián)用完了,所以得找一份工作。)
2) I have run out of ink. (我的墨水用完了。)
11. People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds.
-ful通常加在名詞后面,構(gòu)成形容詞,如care-careful,help-helpful.而本句中的handful是一個(gè)名詞,意思是“一把”,在單詞部分,我們已經(jīng)提到過(guò),英語(yǔ)中有不少這樣的詞,如:
1) He gave me a basketful of beaches. (他給了我滿滿一籃子桃子。)
2) She put a spoonful of salt in the soup. (她往湯里撒了滿滿一勺鹽。)
3) Tom is carrying an armful of books. (湯姆抱著一捆書(shū)。)
sort out是一個(gè)常用詞組,意思是“整理,分類(lèi)”
bottom在句子中做名詞用,意思是“底部”。bottom還有“盡頭、末端”的意思
12. These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20,000 years ago.
where they were formed是where引出的名詞性從句,作介詞from的賓語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看下面的句子:
He didn't say anything about where the accident took place. (他對(duì)事故在哪兒發(fā)生的只字未提。)
13. It flows over boards thickly coated with grease.
在本句中的定語(yǔ)從句thickly coated with greases前面省略了which/that are.coat一般做名詞用,意思是“外套”或“(動(dòng)物的)皮毛”。在本句中coat作動(dòng)詞用,意思是“在…上涂(包)著”,
14. Since diamonds stick to grease, they are left behind by the rocks and mud which flow down the tables.
Stick在本句中的意思是“粘住”。Stick to也可以表示“堅(jiān)持,遵守”的意思。
leave behind在本句中的意思是“留下”,這個(gè)詞組還可以表示“忘帶;把…丟在后面”。例如:
1) Take care not to leave anything behind. (小心別丟下任何東西。)
2) Look forward to the bright future and leave all your worries and fears behind. (期盼光明的未來(lái),把所有的擔(dān)心和恐懼拋在身后。)
15. Experienced diamond miners can tell a diamond immediately.
句子中的tell意思為“判斷;分辨;看出”。如:
I cannot tell her from her twin sister. (我無(wú)法分辨出她和她的孿生妹妹。)
Text B The Difference between Plants and Animals
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1. difference between…and
Will you please tell me the difference between a horse and a seahorse?
2.neither …nor
I have neither seen him nor heard from him since we last met.
3. look up
The little boy didn't dare to look up at his teacher.
4. a matter of
Don't panic. This is a matter of record and there is nothing to worry about.
5. throughout
He said that a person should be honest and upright throughout his life.
6. be satisfied with
The teacher was satisfied with the students' performance.
7. take place
The accident took place when people were all fast asleep.
8. lie in
The importance of this book lies in its later influence.
9. be classed as
He was classed as a genius.
10. hold good
This rule may hold good for you but not for me.
11. live on
Cows live on grass.
The old man lives on the government pension.
12. work wonders
I don't think this medicine will work wonders.
13. take in
Their club took in some new members last week.
14. suck up
The plants suck up a lot of water.
15. take up
He took up the newspaper and began to read.
She took up English when she was only five.
All the window seats had been taken up when I got on the bus.
本課需要重點(diǎn)掌握的語(yǔ)法:動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)從時(shí)間上劃分,可以分為:現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),每一類(lèi)從行為上又可分為四種形式:一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和完成進(jìn)行式。這樣,英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞共有十六種時(shí)態(tài)。下面以work為例列出各個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的形式:
一、表示一般動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài):一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀的、普遍性的真理以及經(jīng)常性的、習(xí)慣性的事件。其形式為do或does。
如:The earth moves around the world.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。(客觀性的真理)
Light travels faster than sound.光速比聲速快。(科學(xué)事實(shí))
I often go to the gym..我經(jīng)常去健身房。(經(jīng)常性的事件)
I go to see my grandma every week.我每周都去看我奶奶。(經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作)
當(dāng)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作的時(shí)候,常和一些表示頻率的時(shí)間副詞連用,如:always, frequently, usually, sometimes, often等.
如:He is always late.他總是遲到。
注:a)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。用在以here或there 開(kāi)頭的句中,表示目前短暫的動(dòng)作。
如:Here comes your wife.=Your wife is coming.你妻子走過(guò)來(lái)了。
There goes the bus.= The bus is going.那輛車(chē)開(kāi)走了。
b)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。 主要用在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中(if, unless)和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句(when, as soon as, before, after等)中,表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
如:I will be glad if you come over to visit me.如果你來(lái)看我,我會(huì)很高興的。
Please let me know when he comes back.他回來(lái)時(shí),請(qǐng)告訴我一聲。
Do not leave until he comes back..等他回來(lái)你再走。
上述從句中的come動(dòng)作都是在將來(lái)發(fā)生的,但是要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí):did something
1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示在過(guò)去時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和過(guò)去特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如:yesterday, last night, three moths ago等連用。
如: I bought the computer three days ago.我三天前賣(mài)了這臺(tái)電腦。
I was tired last night, so I went to bed early.我昨晚很累,所以很早就睡了。
2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間一直持續(xù)或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
如:When he was in Beijing, he came to see me every week.他當(dāng)初在北京時(shí),每周都來(lái)看我。
We often practiced swimming last year.去年我們經(jīng)常練習(xí)游泳。
注:a)一般過(guò)去式可以用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在的情況,體現(xiàn)委婉客氣的語(yǔ)氣。
如:Did you want anything to drink?你想喝點(diǎn)什么嗎?
Could I have a look? 我能看一下嗎?
b)一般過(guò)去時(shí)用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
如: It is high time we went.是我們?cè)撟叩臅r(shí)候了。
I wish I were a bird.我要是只鳥(niǎo)多好。
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示在未來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其形式will do或be going to do。
如:We will have a picnic tomorrow.
We are going to have a picnic tomorrow. 我們明天要去郊游。
1)will 和be going to 的區(qū)別
a)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示預(yù)測(cè)時(shí),我們可以用will或be going to。但是有以下的區(qū)別:
be going to 表示根據(jù)明顯跡象來(lái)推斷某件事將要發(fā)生。will表明說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為或相信某件事要發(fā)生。
如:Look at those black clouds! It is going to rain.看天上那些烏云?煲掠炅。(根據(jù)烏云,推斷的下雨)。
The bridge will collapse.這座橋會(huì)坍塌的。(說(shuō)話人作為造橋?qū)<抑肋@座橋設(shè)計(jì)有問(wèn)題,做出的預(yù)測(cè))
b) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示計(jì)劃時(shí),用be going to;表示意愿,要用will
be going to 表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)未來(lái)行動(dòng)的計(jì)劃和打算,通常指經(jīng)過(guò)事先考慮并含有已經(jīng)為這一行動(dòng)作了某些準(zhǔn)備。
will表示意愿,表示說(shuō)話人在說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻立即做出的決定表明即將去做某事,并沒(méi)有事先考慮。
如:I have bought a computer and I am going to learn the computer science.我已經(jīng)買(mǎi)了一臺(tái)電腦,我計(jì)劃學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。(已經(jīng)作了準(zhǔn)備――買(mǎi)了電腦)
A:The box is too heavy.
B:I will help you to carry it.這個(gè)箱子很重,我來(lái)幫你拿。(立即做出的決定,沒(méi)有事先考慮)
如果沒(méi)有明顯的計(jì)劃或意愿的證據(jù),則用will和be going to都可以,但是意義上有所不同。
如:Husband: There is no milk left in the fridge.
Wife: I will buy some after work.(說(shuō)話此刻做出的決定)
Wife: I am going to buy some after work. (妻子在丈夫發(fā)現(xiàn)之前就知道沒(méi)有牛奶了,已經(jīng)決定要去買(mǎi)一些)
2)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)的其他結(jié)構(gòu):
a)be to +動(dòng)詞原形。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示約定、命令或按計(jì)劃要做的事情。
如:When are they to come? 他們什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。
We are to meet at the school gate.我們約好在校門(mén)口見(jiàn)。
You are to finish the work by noon.你必須在中午以前完成工作。
b)be about to+動(dòng)詞原形。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示“即將做”或“馬上做”的意思。
如:He is about to leave.他馬上要?jiǎng)由怼?/P>
The vacation is about to start.假期即將開(kāi)始。
二、表示進(jìn)行動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài):現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者現(xiàn)階段正在持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。其形式為am/is/are doing.常與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:now, at this moment, at present等。
如:What are you reading now? 你在看什么?
I am reading today's Evening News. 我在看今天的晚報(bào)。(表示正在進(jìn)行)
These days I am translating a book. 這幾天我在翻譯一本書(shū)。(表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作)
注:a)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示計(jì)劃安排好要做的事情。這一用法只適用于某些動(dòng)詞,如:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return 等。
如:Are you going abroad next year? 明年你要出國(guó)嗎?
I am leaving by train tonight.我今晚坐火車(chē)走。
b)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, forever, constantly等連用,往往表示抱怨、厭煩、不合理或使人不愉快的事情。
如:Jack is always borrowing money and forgetting to pay you back.杰克常常借錢(qián)忘還。
My father is forever criticizing me.我父親總是批評(píng)我。
c) 在不少情況下,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的漢語(yǔ)句子中沒(méi)有“正在”的字樣,但在譯為英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候必須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如:
How is everything going.事情進(jìn)展的怎么樣了?
How are you getting on with your classmates.你和同學(xué)相處的如何?
d) 不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞有:
表示感覺(jué)或感情的詞:hear, see, smell, taste, feel
表示存在或所屬的詞:exist, stay, remain, have
表示認(rèn)識(shí)或理解的詞:understand, remember, forget, believe
2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者過(guò)去某段時(shí)間持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。其形式:was(were) doing.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)往往是表示過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或句子。
at nine yesterday, at that time, when I arrived等。
如:We were having dinner when they came.他們來(lái)的時(shí)候,我們正在吃飯。(表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)
I was staying at home all last week.上周我一直都呆在家里。(過(guò)去某段時(shí)間持續(xù)的動(dòng)作)
注:a)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一種委婉的語(yǔ)氣和禮貌的態(tài)度。
如:I was wondering if you could help me.不知您能否幫幫我。
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