本課主要構(gòu)詞法

　　Conversion　(轉(zhuǎn)類法──名詞和動(dòng)詞相互轉(zhuǎn)類)

　　tax type salary charge

　　packet figure fund protest

　　program view issue tend

　　本課簡(jiǎn)介

　　Taxes， Taxes， and More Taxes 介紹了美國(guó)三級(jí)政府(聯(lián)邦政府，州政府，市政府)征收的三種稅(income tax，sales tax，property tax and excise tax)。美國(guó)人對(duì)稅收的一致看法是：The taxes are too high. 這篇文章對(duì)我們了解美國(guó)社會(huì)很有幫助，值得一讀。

　　本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)

　　1. Americans often say that there are two things a person can be sure of in life： death and taxes.

　　句中的that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，例如：Everybody knows that the earth goes around the sun.(眾所周知，地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。)

　　請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1) 他知道我不會(huì)責(zé)怪他。(He knew that I wouldn't blame him.)

　　2) 媽媽說(shuō)他必須在六點(diǎn)以前回來(lái)。(Mother said that he had to be back before 6：00.)

　　3) 我想天氣很快會(huì)放晴。(I think that it is going to clear up soon.)

　　4) 我相信他對(duì)我說(shuō)了實(shí)話。(I believe that he told me the truth.)

　　句中的a person can be sure of …是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾two things， 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞that被省去了。例如：Have you found the book you want?(你找到你要的書了嗎?)

　　請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1) 他找到了他丟失的那塊表。(He found the watch he had lost.)

　　2) 這兒有很多我感興趣的書。(There are many books I am interested in.)

　　Unit2(第4講—第6講)

　　be sure of的意思是“對(duì)……確信無(wú)疑”，例如：

　　─ Is he going to call us at 9：00? (他會(huì)在九點(diǎn)給我們打電話嗎?)

　　─ Yes， I am sure of it. (是的，我肯定。)

　　翻譯下面的句子，掌握sure的用法：

　　1) I am sure of his sincerity. (我確信他的誠(chéng)意。)

　　2) You are sure of a warm welcome.(你肯定會(huì)受到熱烈的歡迎。)

　　3) I don't know for sure whether he will come or not.(我不很確切地知道他是否會(huì)來(lái)。)

　　4) Make sure that you turn off the light when you leave.(確保在你離開(kāi)時(shí)把燈關(guān)掉。)

　　5) Be sure not to forget what your parents said to you.(千萬(wàn)別忘了父母對(duì)你說(shuō)的話。)

　　2. Americans don't have a corner on the “death” market， but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.

　　have a corner的意思是“壟斷”，例如：have a corner on the cotton market (壟斷棉花市場(chǎng));have a corner on the black vote(壟斷黑人選票)。有時(shí)也會(huì)見(jiàn)到以in 代替on的用法：have a corner in banking

　　lead在句中的意思是“走在…前列”，“在……領(lǐng)先”，“勝過(guò)”。

　　請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1) He leads his class in English.(他在班上英語(yǔ)學(xué)的最好。)

　　2) He led the broad jump with a leap of 26 feet.(他以26 英尺的成績(jī)?cè)谔�遠(yuǎn)中領(lǐng)先。)

　　3) Pollution still leads the list of major problems in that country.(污染仍然是那個(gè)國(guó)家的頭號(hào)嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。)

　　3. Taxes consist of money which people pay to support their government.

　　句中which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the money.

　　請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1) This is the book that I just borrowed from the library.(這是我剛剛從圖書館借的書。)

　　2) He put the money that his mother gave him in a safe place.(他把媽媽給他的錢放在一個(gè)安全的地方。)

　　3) I don't remember where I put the CD that I bought yesterday. (我記不得把昨天買的CD放在哪兒了。)

　　consist of的意思是“由……構(gòu)成”，它與 make up of ， compose of 的區(qū)別在于：consist of不可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而make up of和 compose of 可以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：

　　1) The house consists of 6 rooms.

　　2) The medical team is made up of three doctors and a nurse.

　　3) The book is composed of 25 units.

　　4. Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.

　　句中who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾 people.

　　請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1) The girl who helped me with my English is our monitor.(幫助我學(xué)外語(yǔ)的那個(gè)女孩是我們班長(zhǎng)。)

　　2) The man who knocked at the door just now is my next-door neighbor.(剛才敲門的那個(gè)人是我的隔壁鄰居。)

　　3) The boy who was shot to death by his classmate was only 8.(被同學(xué)開(kāi)槍打死的那個(gè)男孩才八歲。)

　　在單詞部分我們已經(jīng)對(duì)percentage和percent的區(qū)別有所了解，現(xiàn)在我們?cè)賮?lái)翻譯幾個(gè)句子：

　　1) 稅率從百分之十四到百分之七十不等。(The percentage of the tax varies from 14% to 70%.)

　　2) 學(xué)生的及格率達(dá)到了百分之九十五。(The percentage of students who passed the exam reached 95%.)

　　3) 工業(yè)產(chǎn)量上漲了百分之十四。(The industrial output increased by 14%.)

　　5. It depends on their salaries.

　　depend on在句中的意思是“視……而定”。除此以外，還可表示“依靠”：“信賴”等。

　　請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1) 成功與否得看你的能力和努力。(Success depends on your ability and efforts.)

　　2) Whether we can go outing depends on tomorrow's weather. (我們能否去郊游取決于明天的天氣。)

　　3) The old man depends on the government pension for a living.(那位老人靠政府的養(yǎng)老金生活。)

　　4) 他總是依賴姐姐給他做作業(yè)。(He always depends on his sister to do his homework.)

　　5) He is not to be depended on.(他不可信賴。)

　　6. With the high cost of taxes， people are not very happy on April 15， when the federal taxes are due.

　　介詞with在句中的意思是“由于，因?yàn)椤�。例如：With their support， we fulfilled our task ahead of time.(由于他們的幫助，我們提前完成了任務(wù)。)

　　如果僅僅有月份，沒(méi)有具體的日期，月份前用介詞in ，如果有具體的日期則用介詞on ，例如：1) He was born in May.　2) He was born on May 23.

　　句中due的意思是“到期”，例如：The books are due， I have to return them to the library. (書到期了，我得去圖書館還書。)

　　請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子，注意due在不同語(yǔ)境下的其他意思：

　　1) The train is due to arrive at 8：00.(火車定于八點(diǎn)鐘到達(dá)。)

　　2) The baby is due in the middle of October.(嬰兒的預(yù)產(chǎn)期為十月中旬。)

　　3) Due attention should be paid to this work.(應(yīng)該給這項(xiàng)工作以適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)注。)

　　4) Old people expect to be treated with the respect due to their age.(老人們期望受到他們這個(gè)年齡的人應(yīng)得的尊敬。)

　　5) His death was due to heart attack.(他的死是由心臟病引起的。)

　　7. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.

　　句中的that用來(lái)代替the加前述名詞tax，以免重復(fù)。

　　請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1) 南京的天氣比青島的天氣熱。(The weather of Nanjing is hotter than that of Qingdao.)

　　2) 黃金的價(jià)格比白銀的價(jià)格要高。(The price of gold is higher than that of silver.)

　　8. Other states have a sales tax， which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.

　　句中前一個(gè)which 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾sales tax.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句通常在句中起進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明作用，既可修飾先行詞也可修飾整個(gè)句子。如果省去，原句意義不受影響。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句有逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi);關(guān)系代詞不可用that，而用who， whom， whose來(lái)修飾人，用which來(lái)修飾物，并且不能省略。

　　請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1) The sun warms the earth， which makes it possible for plants and animals to live.(太陽(yáng)溫暖了大地，這才使動(dòng)植物有可能生長(zhǎng)。)

　　2) He failed the exam， which made him very disappointed.(他考試沒(méi)及格，這使他非常失望。)

　　3) He has a son， who is doing his PH.D in the United States.(他有一個(gè)兒子，在美國(guó)讀博士學(xué)位。)

　　句中后一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾any item.但是傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法中通常有這樣的規(guī)定：當(dāng)先行詞是all，everything，something，nothing等不定代詞，或被first，only，few，much，some，any，no以及形容詞最高級(jí)等詞修飾時(shí)，應(yīng)該用關(guān)系代詞that，不用which.例如：I am interested in all that you told me.

　　9. The cities use these funds for education， police and fire department， public works and municipal buildings.

　　work 用作單數(shù)時(shí)，通常指工作，例如：I have a lot of work to do this afternoon.

　　用作復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，works則指　1)著作：The Complete Works of Mao Zetong(《毛澤東全集》)　2)工程：public works(公共建筑工程，市政工程)

　　10. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.

　　spend too much (money) on sth的意思是“把太多的錢花在……”，例如：He would spend some money on books every month……(他每個(gè)月都花一些錢買書。)

　　我們常常會(huì)碰到的另一個(gè)詞組spend some time (in) doing sth.的意思是“花時(shí)間做某事”，例如：He spent a lot of time doing the experiment.(他花了很多時(shí)間做實(shí)驗(yàn)。)

　　在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，我們還要注意pay，cost和spend在用法上的區(qū)別。請(qǐng)注意下面的句子：

　　1) Tom paid 20 dollars for that T-shirt.

　　2) The T-shirt cost Tom 20 dollars.

　　3) Tom spent 20 dollars on that T-shirt.

　　請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1) 我借給他的那本新字典花了我三十多塊錢。(The dictionary I lent him cost me more than 30 yuan.)

　　2) 把這輛自行車修一修要花很多錢嗎?(Does it cost much to get this bike repaired?)

　　3) 在過(guò)去的幾年中，這家工廠花了很多錢改善工作條件。(In the past few years， the factory has spent a lot of money improving the working conditions.)

　　4) 她不喜歡把錢花在華而不實(shí)的服裝上。(She doesn't like to spend money on fancy clothes.)

　　5) 買這部手機(jī)你花了多少錢?(How much money did you pay for this self-phone?)

　　6) 她花了一百多塊錢買那雙鞋。(She paid more than a hundred for that pair of shoes.)

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