7in addition (to)

　　In addition， there are some magazines on the table.

　　In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast.

　　8make decision

　　9help with

　　At weekends I often help my mother with the housework.

　　10in contrast

　　11give up

　　12get ready for

　　13be busy doing

　　14in conclusion

　　15instead of

　　本課主要語法：被動語態(tài)

　　英語動詞有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種，當(dāng)主語是動作的發(fā)出者，動詞用主動語態(tài);當(dāng)主語時動作的承受者，動詞要用被動語態(tài)。只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。

　　1. 被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

　　被動語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

　　如：I clean the window.(主動)

　　The window is cleaned by me.(被動)

　　根據(jù)時態(tài)的不同，被動語態(tài)中的be動詞可以有各種變化：

　　時態(tài) 主動句 被動句 be 的變化

　　一般現(xiàn)在時 He cleans the window. The window is cleaned by him. is

　　一般過去時 He cleaned the window. The window was cleaned by him. was

　　一般將來時 He will clean the window. The window will be cleaned by him. will be

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 He is cleaning the window. The window is being cleaned by him. is being

　　過去進(jìn)行時 He was cleaning the window. The window was being cleaned by him. was being

　　現(xiàn)在完成時 He has cleaned the window. The window has been cleaned by him. has been

　　過去完成時 He had cleaned the window. The window had been cleaned by him. had been

　　將來完成時 He will have cleaned the window. The window will have been cleaned by him. will have been

　　進(jìn)行時較少用被動語態(tài)。

　　2.一些特殊形式被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

　　1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)，有以下幾種情況：

　　a).表示喜歡、希望、想要及與其相似意義的動詞+賓語+不定式，由不定式的被動式構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。如：He wants someone to take photographs. 他想找個人來照些相。(主動)

　　He wants photographs to be taken. 他想找個人來照些相。(被動)

　　b) 表示命令、請求、勸告、邀請的動詞+間接賓語+不定式，可以用主要動詞的被動式構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。如：He invited me to go.他邀請我去。(主動)

　　I was invited to go.我被邀請去。(被動)

　　但是，如果是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+間接賓語+不定式+賓語的結(jié)構(gòu)，則可以用兩種被動語態(tài)。一種是如上述將主要動詞變成被動語態(tài)�；蛘哂谩癮dvise等動詞+that…should+被動式” 構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)

　　如：He urged the Council to reduce the rates.他敦請市議會減輕捐稅。(主動)

　　The Council was urged to reduce the rates.市議會被敦請減輕捐稅。(被動)

　　He urged that the rates should be reduced.他敦請市議會減輕捐稅。(被動)

　　在句子中，動詞后面直接是不定式作賓語，沒有間接賓語，所以被動語態(tài)只有一種形式，即用that …should結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動語態(tài)。

　　He decided to sell the house.他決定把房子賣了。(主動)

　　He decided that the house should be sold.他決定，房子必須得賣掉。(被動)

　　2)動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)：

　　如是advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+動名詞+賓語結(jié)構(gòu)，通常用that…should結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動語態(tài)。

　　如：He recommended using bullet-proof glass.他建議用防彈玻璃。(主動)

　　He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.他建議應(yīng)該使用防彈玻璃。(被動)

　　其它動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)由動名詞的被動式來表示：

　　如： I remember them taking me to the Zoo.我記得他們曾經(jīng)帶我去過動物園。(主動)

　　I remember being taken to the Zoo.我記的被帶到動物園去過。(被動)

　　3)含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：

　　含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。

　　如：You must shut these doors.你必須把這些門關(guān)上。(主動)

　　These doors must be shut.這些門必須關(guān)上。(被動)

　　You should have told him.你本應(yīng)該告訴他。(主動)

　　He should have been told.本應(yīng)該告訴他才是。(被動)

　　4)帶有直接賓語和間接賓語的句子，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的時候，只把一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另外一個賓語保留在動詞后面，這種句子可以有兩個被動句。

　　如：His teacher gave him a book.他的老師給了他一本書。(主動)

　　A book was given to him by his teacher.(被動)

　　He was given a book by his teacher. (被動)

　　Someone gave her a dog.有人送給她一只狗。(主動)

　　A dog was given to her. (被動)

　　She was given a dog. (被動)

　　兩種被動語態(tài)中，第二種形式比第一種形式更為常用，即應(yīng)該把間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。

　　5)含有復(fù)合賓語的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，賓補仍保留在動詞之后，成為主補。

　　如：We call him Xiao Wang.我們叫他小王。(主動)

　　He was called Xiao Wang.他被叫小王。(被動)

　　We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again.我們要求老師把這個句子再解釋一次。(主動)

　　The teacher was asked to explain the sentence again.老師被要求把這個句子再解釋一次。(被動)

　　注：make, hear, watch, see, feel, let, have等動詞在主動語態(tài)中，其后作賓補的不定式一般不帶to，但當(dāng)用于被動句時，后面作賓補的不定式必須帶有to。

　　如：She saw a man go into the room.她看見一個男人走進(jìn)屋里。(主動)

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