第 1 頁(yè):1.描述段句型的潤(rùn)色修飾 |
第 2 頁(yè):2.闡述段的句子潤(rùn)色和修飾 |
2.闡述段的句子潤(rùn)色和修飾
方法一:修飾主系表中的is
如果只寫it is+名詞,句子的結(jié)構(gòu)就比較單調(diào),如果我們把is的寫法替換為一些被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),效果也不一樣,具體的方法如下:
1)It is nothing but+名詞
2)It has been well received as+形容詞的最高級(jí)+名詞
3)It is been commonly accepted as one of +形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞s
4)It is considered+名詞
5)It can be regarded as+名詞
6)It can be seen as +名詞
以上其中句子結(jié)構(gòu),選取任何一種,解決it is 名詞,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,字?jǐn)?shù)過(guò)少的問(wèn)題。其中It is nothing more than和It is nothing but可以用于語(yǔ)氣的增強(qiáng),后面五種寫法可以讓主系表呈現(xiàn)出書面風(fēng)格。我們可以通過(guò)對(duì)比,看一看寫作的效果。
比如你想表達(dá)“英特網(wǎng)是一種娛樂(lè)方式”這個(gè)意思,如果不會(huì)使用句子結(jié)構(gòu),就只能寫成It is a form of entertainment。但是如果選用上述句子結(jié)構(gòu),就可以分別寫成It is nothing but a major means of entertainment. 或者Internet has been well received as the most popular means of entertainment,或者Internet has been commonly accepted as one of the most popular forms of entertainments。大家可以對(duì)比一下,這幾個(gè)寫法,是不是比it is a form of entertainment更像書面表達(dá)呢?
方法二:主謂賓,thus (let alone) doing and doing句型
除了主系表以外,英語(yǔ)中出出現(xiàn)得最多的就是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)了,這種結(jié)構(gòu)在寫作時(shí)的難點(diǎn)在于,如果是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞還比較好安排,但是如果出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)三個(gè)動(dòng)詞,就只能寫多個(gè)短句,然后中間安插關(guān)聯(lián)詞。那么能不能少寫幾個(gè)短句,少安插幾個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞呢?辦法之一就是把一個(gè)動(dòng)詞安排成謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),把另外兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞安排成現(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀況。
具體形式如下:名詞+第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞+名詞,thus doing and doing
這樣寫,就把三個(gè)動(dòng)詞由平行狀態(tài)變成一個(gè)謂語(yǔ),兩個(gè)分詞伴隨狀態(tài)。關(guān)聯(lián)詞中如果想表達(dá)“因此”,就把thus安插在doing的前邊。只要你寫得出三個(gè)短句,合并起來(lái)就是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句。 比如寫2002年“民族文化,世界文化”的時(shí)候,如果你想表達(dá)“中國(guó)文化可以促進(jìn)國(guó)與國(guó)之間的彼此了解,增進(jìn)友好關(guān)系,經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流!比绻麤](méi)有以上的句子結(jié)構(gòu),就只能這么寫: Chinese culture can promote mutual understanding between countries, enhancing friendly ties and push forward economic and cultural exchanges. 不能說(shuō)這么寫這不對(duì),反正三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞平行擺放,看不出句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化?墒羌由详P(guān)聯(lián)詞又很麻煩:Chinese culture can promote mutual understanding between countries. In this way, it can enhance friendly ties and push forward economic and cultural exchanges. 如果用上述句型寫就成了:Chinese culture can promote mutual understanding between countries, thus enhancing friendly ties between them and pushing forward economic and cultural exchanges. 最后一種方法謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、現(xiàn)在分詞并用,出現(xiàn)一些結(jié)構(gòu)上變化,比單句加關(guān)聯(lián)詞的寫法更簡(jiǎn)單一些。
再比如寫2007年“自信”的時(shí)候,如果你想表達(dá)“有自信的人能夠融入社會(huì)、創(chuàng)造財(cái)富、開創(chuàng)事業(yè)”這個(gè)意思的時(shí)候,就可以寫成:A confident man can fit into a competitive society, thus accumulating his wealth and establishing his career.
這個(gè)句型還有一個(gè)否定的變形,那就是名詞+cannot+動(dòng)詞+名詞,let alone doing and doing,這里的cannot和let alone是聯(lián)用的,可以表達(dá)“不能實(shí)現(xiàn)…就更不用說(shuō)實(shí)現(xiàn)…了!北热邕是2007年“信心”這篇文章,如果你想表達(dá)“表達(dá)不自信的人就很難融入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)型社會(huì),也不能創(chuàng)造財(cái)富、開創(chuàng)事業(yè)了”。想不到上述句子結(jié)構(gòu)的同學(xué)就只能寫成:A less confident person cannot fit into a competitive society. He cannot accumulate wealth. And he cannot establish his career.這個(gè)地方否定詞not用得多,顯得羅嗦,就不如用A less confident person cannot fit into a competitive society, let alone accumulating his wealth and establishing his career. 這樣cannot和let alone配合在一起,只用一個(gè)not就可以,不用每個(gè)句子都寫not了。
方法三:定語(yǔ)從句+比較級(jí):
定語(yǔ)從句在寫作中一直是個(gè)難點(diǎn),說(shuō)它難主要體現(xiàn)在三個(gè)地方,其一、需要寫兩個(gè)句子,一主一從,對(duì)寫單句的能力有要求,其二是有沒(méi)有必要寫,有個(gè)考生寫there is an American girl who keeps a charming smile on her face,其實(shí)這樣的寫法反而不簡(jiǎn)潔,直接寫An American girl keeps a charming smile豈不更直接?其三是如果把它安排在文章的段首句,雖然可以默寫出定語(yǔ)從句,但是會(huì)造成雷同。那么怎樣才能更靈活地使用定語(yǔ)從句,讓它既能默寫又不雷同呢?其中一個(gè)辦法是把定語(yǔ)從句安排成以下的結(jié)構(gòu):Those who+動(dòng)詞are more likely to+動(dòng)詞,compared with those who don’t+動(dòng)詞 。
在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一個(gè)劃著方框的動(dòng)詞是用來(lái)重申文章主題的,中間劃?rùn)M線的動(dòng)詞是想表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,最后一個(gè)劃著方框的動(dòng)詞和第一個(gè)劃著方框的動(dòng)詞相同,用來(lái)呼應(yīng)主題,就能把定語(yǔ)從句和比較級(jí)聯(lián)用,使單句寫的更趨變化。比如還是2007年“自信”這篇文章,如果你想表達(dá)“有自信的人能夠融入社會(huì)、創(chuàng)造財(cái)富、開創(chuàng)事業(yè)”這個(gè)意思的時(shí)候,就可以寫成:Those who have confidence are more likely to fit into a competitive society, thus accumulating his wealth and establishing his career, compared with those who don’t have confidence。這么寫是不是更像書面語(yǔ)呢?
這個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的前面還有變招,那就是加上和調(diào)查研究有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)寫法,即使你就會(huì)兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,也能立刻寫出長(zhǎng)句,還是拿2007年“自信”這篇文章為例,如果考試的時(shí)候,你想不了那么多,和“自信”有關(guān)的句子只記得“融入社會(huì)、得到機(jī)會(huì)”,就可以這么寫:先寫和數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的句子,比如Department of Sociology, Beijing University made a study of 1,132 citizens for over two months. Despite their age, gender and income levels, there is one thing in common: those who have confidence are more likely to fit into a competitive society and obtain more opportunites, compared with those who don’t have confidence. 這樣把數(shù)據(jù)寫法和定從交織使用,就能用較少的背誦量,形成快速有效的寫作量。
方法四:巧用not only, but also
我們?cè)谥v解重要性和有害性句子的時(shí)候曾經(jīng)用過(guò)not only, but also,不過(guò)這種寫法,在not only和but also的后面都只能用一個(gè)形容詞,的確有些“大材小用”,其實(shí)not only, but also的變化有很多,可以用它控制主語(yǔ):Not only will they+動(dòng)詞,but they also will+動(dòng)詞。還可以用它控制賓語(yǔ):名詞+動(dòng)詞+not only+名詞1,but also+名詞2 and such benefits (problems)as+名詞3。
比如2007年的“自信”這篇文章,如果你想表達(dá)“自信的人可以融入社會(huì)、得到機(jī)會(huì)”,除了用定語(yǔ)從句以外,也可以寫成:Not only will a confident person fit into a competitive society, but he also will obtain more opportunities. 再比如說(shuō)2006年的“追星”這篇文章,如果你想表達(dá)“他們浪費(fèi)了很多本來(lái)應(yīng)該花在工作和學(xué)習(xí)上的時(shí)間,正常生活顛倒,不吃飯、不睡覺、不做作業(yè)”就可以寫成:Not only will they waste much time that should have been spent on their study and work, but their everyday life will probably go upside down, with their food uneaten, sleep lost or homework undone。
假如你寫作的時(shí)候用不出較難的動(dòng)詞也不要緊,只要讓動(dòng)詞簡(jiǎn)單一些,加強(qiáng)名詞的具體化即可,因?yàn)檫有名詞+動(dòng)詞+not only+名詞1,but also+名詞2 and such benefits (problems)as+名詞3這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)幫助你,例如2001年“愛心”這篇文章,在表達(dá)“愛心可以給人帶來(lái)物質(zhì)支持、情感撫慰和精神支柱”這個(gè)意思的時(shí)候,就可以把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞直接處理成bring:: Love can bring people not only material support, but also mental comfort and such benefits as spiritual back-up。再比如2003年的文章寫“溺愛”,如果你想表達(dá)“父母給孩子們提供了可口的食品,舒適的住處和時(shí)尚的服裝”,則可以寫成:Parents give their children only only delicous food, but also fashionable clothes and such benefits as comfortable dwellings.
方法五:在闡述段的尾句用強(qiáng)調(diào)句
在闡述段的尾句中通常可以用“施加好壞影響”或者“利弊對(duì)比”這樣的句子,就它們改寫成強(qiáng)調(diào)句,加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,寫起來(lái)也不錯(cuò)。
如果我們想表達(dá)“這種行為和態(tài)度會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)的持續(xù)發(fā)展施加消極影響”,就可以先寫in my view, 然后用“it is 這種行為和態(tài)度that對(duì)社會(huì)的持續(xù)發(fā)展施加消極影響”結(jié)構(gòu),原來(lái)的單句就變成了In my view, it is their actions and attitude that exert negative effects on the sustainable development of a society. 同理,如果文章的結(jié)尾處,你想表達(dá)“這種做法的壞處蓋過(guò)了好處”,也可以寫成In my view, it is the side-effects arising from this action that overshadow the so-called benefits.
由于尾句可以提前背,對(duì)它進(jìn)行修飾也就是舉手之勞的事情了。
本章總結(jié):會(huì)寫短句者會(huì)寫長(zhǎng)句。在這一章中提到的很多句子同學(xué)們應(yīng)該都比較熟悉,無(wú)論是fit into a society, accumulate wealth還是side-effects overshadow the so-called benefits,大家可以先從短句學(xué)起,先試著用短句把意思表達(dá)清楚,這個(gè)時(shí)候再參考一些長(zhǎng)句串接辦法,逐漸學(xué)會(huì)寫出長(zhǎng)句。學(xué)會(huì)了寫內(nèi)容具體的短句,自然就會(huì)寫結(jié)構(gòu)多變的長(zhǎng)句,不然,長(zhǎng)句就成了一些公式和架構(gòu),不能做到內(nèi)容形式兼顧。
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