1997年P(guān)assage 3
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifesting") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
59. "Substance abuse" (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to "drug abuse" in that _____.
[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
[B] "drug abuse" is only related to a limited number of drug takers
[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
[答案] D
[解題思路]
第一段第三句至最后一句指出"They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine"（他們沒有意識(shí)到諸如酒精、煙草這些我們熟悉的物質(zhì)也都是藥物。這也就是為什么現(xiàn)在許多醫(yī)生和心理學(xué)家使用"物質(zhì)"這個(gè)更加中性的詞的原因。他們常用"物質(zhì)濫用"而不用"藥物濫用"來(lái)清楚表明濫用酒精、煙草這樣的物質(zhì)與濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害），因此用"Substance abuse"比"drug abuse"更好的原因在于如果人們也濫用酒精和煙草等物質(zhì)，與毒品一樣是有害的，因此D為正確選項(xiàng)。C選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤在于alcohol和tabacco只是例子，且文章沒有提及它們是否fatal。而A和B選項(xiàng)都不符合題意。
[題目譯文]
使用"物質(zhì)濫用"（第一段第五行）這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)比"藥物濫用"更合適是因?yàn)? 。
[A] 物質(zhì)如果非常使用會(huì)改變我們的身體和心理機(jī)能
[B] "藥物濫用"只與少數(shù)吸毒者有關(guān)
[C] 酒精和煙草與海洛因和可卡因具有一樣的致命性
[D] 除了海洛因和可卡因之外，還有很多物質(zhì)也有毒性
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from _____.
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題可定位于文章第二段的倒數(shù)第二句話"Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence"（反復(fù)使用一種物質(zhì)可以導(dǎo)致上癮），顯然A為正確答案。B選項(xiàng)的情況有一定干擾性，但與原文意思有所不同。而C、D都不是題干中"Physical dependence on certain substances"的原因。
[題目譯文]
對(duì)于某些物質(zhì)的心理依賴是由于 。
[A] 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間對(duì)于這些物質(zhì)的無(wú)節(jié)制使用
[B] 專為社交目的使用這些物質(zhì)
[C] 將這些物質(zhì)大量應(yīng)用于疾病治療
[D] 隨意用它們來(lái)消除難受的癥狀
