48. 【解析】這句話結(jié)構(gòu)主要在于對三個“what”從句的理解。本題是三個what引導的從句第一個是what引導的賓語從句，做filter out 的賓語。第二個what是介詞from的賓語，from 是固定搭配中的介詞filter out A from B。第三個what是understand的賓語，和how并列

　　1)句子主干可以看做：To filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D

　　A指的是“what is contingent and unique”

　　B指的是“what is shared” how complex cultural behaviour arose”

　　C指的是“how complex cultural behaviour arose”

　　D指的是“what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms”

　　2)Filter out詞組本意是濾掉，。這個單詞可能有同學會不熟悉，但是如果對本句結(jié)構(gòu)理解清楚，看到from這個介詞，加之對前文大意的理解，我們可以猜出這個詞的意思，或者理解為“區(qū)分”等也不影響全句的理解。以避免我們有的同學看到第一個單詞不認識立馬生出的膽怯情緒，影響下文判斷。

　　【參考譯文】把差異性和獨特性從共性中過濾出來也許能讓我們理解復雜的文化行為是如何產(chǎn)生的，是什么從進化或認知領(lǐng)域指導著它。

　　49. 【解析】本句結(jié)構(gòu)比較明朗，關(guān)鍵是句子前部分單獨很難理解，需要結(jié)合前文。這也恰恰說明了考研英語中的翻譯首先是閱讀理解的一部分，不是單獨的翻譯而已。

　　1)這里的the second與上文的“The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky,”，所里這里應(yīng)該翻譯成“第二種理論”所以這句話需要根據(jù)上下文和邏輯解釋清楚。而不能單純的翻譯成第二。。。

　　2)對于括號內(nèi)部的處理，我們可以直接放在括號中即可。

　　【參考譯文】約書亞格林伯格為尋找語言的共性而付出努力提出了第二種理論。他采用了一個更實用的共性理論，做法是辨認出眾多語言的共有特征(尤其是按照詞序排列)，這些特征被認為代表了由認知局限導致的偏差。

　　50. 【解析】這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，復雜的是其中大量的術(shù)語和不熟悉的詞匯。對于這些詞匯我們根據(jù)直譯即可。

　　本句結(jié)構(gòu)：Chomsky’s grammar should show…, whereas Greenbergian….

　　1)That引導的定語從句修飾patterns

　　2)這里的“grammar”是指是上文的生成語法，所以這里可以把生成語法翻譯出來。

　　3)co-dependencies 這個詞需要根據(jù)上下詞義加之詞根詞綴來猜測出詞義，因為下文指出是兩者關(guān)系，所以可以翻譯為“共存性”。

　　【參考譯文】喬姆斯基生成語法應(yīng)該表明語言變化的模式，這些模式獨立于族譜或貫穿其中的路徑，然而格林伯格的共性理論預測詞序關(guān)系的特殊類別之間(而不是其他)有著強烈的共存性。

　　Section III Writing

　　51.小作文

　　【參考范文】

　　Dear international students,

　　I am the chairman of the Students’ Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you will come to our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of our university and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming.

　　In order to make all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’d better take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class.

　　I really hope you’ll find these proposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming!

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　52.大作文

　　【參考范文】

　　As can be clearly seen from the vivid picture, in front of a toppled bottel of which most water in it has flowed out, a man says “there is none left , how unlucky I am” looking rather upset, while another man quickly picked this bottle up, saying “I’m such a lucky dog, there is still some left”. How vivid the cartoon it is! The two men show quite different perspectives toward the same situation.

　　The implication conveyed in this cartoon is that different perspectives we take to exam problems we confront lead to different attitutes or answers to these problems. In the first place, we’ll find the problem is very difficult to handle from the pessimistic perspective. However, if we change our way of observing problems, we may find that we can make some remedial work even to turn something bad into good. In this way, we can find solutions for any difficulties. Every coin has two sides. So why not change an angel to observe the problem we encounter?

　　Whenever we face with the situation like the cartoon,what we should do is to observe it positively, especially when we are experiencing and encountering setbacks, only if we have the optimistic attitude, can we be bound to live a life of happiness.

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