Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.

　　They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat- one social and one asocial一for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.

　　During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side

　　Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.

　　Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.

　　The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We' d assumed we' d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary, ”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.

　　The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals.“ We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.

　　21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can________

　　[A] pickup social signals from non-living rats

　　[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one

　　[C] attain sociable traits through special training

　　[D] send out warning messages to their fellow

　　22. What did the social robot do during the experiment?

　　[A] It followed the social robot.

　　[B]It played with some toys.

　　[C] It set the trapped rats free.

　　[D]It moved around alone.

　　23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they________

　　[A] tried to practice a means of escape

　　[B] expected it to do the same in return

　　[C] wanted to display their intelligence

　　[D]considered that an interesting game

　　24. James Wiles notes that rats________

　　[A]can remember other rat's facial features

　　[B] differentiate smells better than sizes

　　[C] respond more to cations than to looks

　　[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels

　　25. It can be learned from the text that rats________

　　[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings

　　[B] are more socially active than other animals

　　C] behave differently from children in socializing

　　[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expected

　　21. 【答案】A pick up social signals from non-living rats

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Quinn and her colleagues和a test定位到第一段第二句。To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats. 為了查明這是否延伸到了非生物，Quinn和她的同事測試了老鼠能否從機(jī)器老鼠身上探測到社會信號。正確答案A是原文的同義替換。選項B的distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one區(qū)分友好的老鼠和敵對的老鼠，并未提及，是常識性干擾。選項C的attain sociable traits through special training通過特殊訓(xùn)練獲得社交品質(zhì)，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有。選項D的send out warning messages to their fellow向它們的同伴發(fā)出警告信息，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有。

　　22.【答案】D It moved around alone.

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the asocial robot和experiment定位到第三段最后一句Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.同時，不具有社交能力的機(jī)器人只能進(jìn)行簡單的前后左右移動。正確答案D It moved around alone.是原文的同義替換。選項A的It followed the social robot.它跟隨具備社交能力的老鼠，與原文the social robot rat followed the living rats around不符，原文說的是具備社交能力的老鼠跟隨真老鼠，屬于張冠李戴。選項B的It played with some toys.它玩一些玩具，與原文不符，原文中說的是具備社交能力的老鼠玩同樣的玩具，屬于張冠李戴。選項C的It set the trapped rats free.它釋放了被困的老鼠也與原文內(nèi)容不符，原文說的同樣是具備社交能力的老鼠，而題干問的是不具備社交能力的老鼠在實(shí)驗(yàn)中做了什么，屬于張冠李戴。

　　23.【答案】B expected it to do the same in return

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Quinn和the rats released the social robots往下定位到第四五段，第五段最后一句This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn. Quinn說：這可能會讓老鼠更好地記住早些時候已經(jīng)釋放了機(jī)器人，并希望機(jī)器人在它們被困住時能回報它們的恩惠。正確答案B expected it to do the same in return是原文的同義替換。干擾項A的 tried to practice a means of escape試圖嘗試一種逃跑的方法，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有。選項C的 wanted to display their intelligence想要展示它們的智慧，文中并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項D的considered that an interesting game覺得是個有趣的游戲在原文當(dāng)中也沒有體現(xiàn)，屬于無中生有。

　　24.【答案】C respond more to actions than to looks

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞James Wiles定位到第六七段，尾段尾句We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too, says Wiles. Wiles說：“我們?nèi)祟愃坪鯇�機(jī)器人很著迷，事實(shí)證明其他動物也很著迷�！痹俳Y(jié)合尾段前面部分的闡述，會發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案C respond more to actions than to looks對行動的反應(yīng)多于對外表的反應(yīng)，是原文的類似表達(dá)。干擾項A的can remember other rat's facial features能夠記住其他老鼠的面部特征，與原文內(nèi)容不符，原文第六段說的是假設(shè)賦予機(jī)器老鼠面部特征，那都不重要，屬于偷換概念。選項B的differentiate smells better than sizes與體型大小相比，能夠更好地區(qū)分氣味，原文中只提到賦予機(jī)器老鼠真老鼠的氣味，與原文不符，屬于偷換概念。選項D的can be scared by a plastic box on wheels會被裝有輪子的塑料盒子嚇壞，文中機(jī)器老鼠只是裝有輪子的塑料盒子，還是屬于偷換概念。

　　25.【答案】D are more sensitive to social cues than expected

　　解析：本題目為推斷題，考察基于全文主旨進(jìn)行推斷。題干并沒有具體關(guān)鍵詞，因此需要通過選項回到文中逐一對應(yīng)。正確答案D are more sensitive to social cues than expected對社交線索比預(yù)期更敏感，與原文尾段首句The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots.(這一發(fā)現(xiàn)顯示了老鼠對社交暗示的敏感程度，即使是來自基本機(jī)器老鼠的社交暗示)屬于類似表達(dá)。選項A的appear to be adaptable to new surroundings似乎能適應(yīng)新環(huán)境，在文中并未提及，屬于無中生有。選項B的are more socially active than other animals比其他動物更活躍，文中只提到其他動物也一樣會對機(jī)器人著迷，屬于偷換概念。干擾項C的behave differently from children in socializing在社交活動中表現(xiàn)得與孩子不同，與原文內(nèi)容相反，原文內(nèi)容指的是孩子們傾向于把機(jī)器人當(dāng)作人來對待，即使他們只顯示簡單的社會信號。這一點(diǎn)與老鼠是一樣的，屬于正反混淆。

　　Text 2

　　It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500% The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about S18.9 million a year.

　　The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It's not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.

　　Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills than simply being able to“run the company" CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then there' s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before,with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is farly mind-boggling plus, virtually all major American companies are beyond this major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.

　　The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governmance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger govemnance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.”

　　Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.

　　26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?

　　[A] The growth in the number of corporations

　　[B] The general pay rise with a better economy

　　[C] Increased business opportunities for top firms

　　[D] Close cooperation among leading economies

　　27. Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to______

　　[A] foster a stronger sense of teamwork

　　[B] finance more research and development

　　[C] establish closer ties with tech companies

　　[D] operate more globalized companies

　　28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite______

　　[A] continual internal opposition

　　[B] strict corporate governance

　　[C] conservative business strategies

　　[D] Repeated government warnings

　　29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps______

　　[A] confirm the status of CEOs

　　[B] motivate inside candidates

　　[C] boost the efficiency of CEOs

　　[D] increase corporate value

　　30. The most suitable title for this text would be______

　　[A] CEOs Are Not Overpaid

　　[B] CEO Pay: Past and Present

　　[C] CEOs' challenges of Today

　　[D] CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define

　　26.【答案】C Increased business opportunities for top firms

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞CEO pay rise及題干中對CEO薪酬增加原因的提問，定位到第二段首句The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.了解CEO薪酬增長的最佳模式是，CEO人才在一個頂級公司的商業(yè)機(jī)會迅速增長的世界里是有限的。正確答案C Increased business opportunities for top firms增加頂級公司商業(yè)機(jī)會的增加。干擾項A的The growth in the number of corporations公司數(shù)量的增長，文中并不是說公司數(shù)量而是商業(yè)機(jī)會，屬于偷換概念。選項B的The general pay rise with a better economy好轉(zhuǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來的普遍加薪，文中并未提到better economy，屬于無中生有。選項D的Close cooperation among leading economies 主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體之間的密切合作，文中也并未提到經(jīng)濟(jì)體之間的何做，屬于無中生有。

　　27.【答案】D operate more globalized companies

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞predecessors及today's CEOs定位到第三段第二句They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. 他們還需要比他們的前任更好的公關(guān)技巧，因?yàn)榧词故且粋�小失誤的成本也可能是巨大的。選項中并未提到，繼續(xù)往后看Then there's the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. 還有一個事實(shí)是，美國的大公司比以往任何時候都更加全球化，供應(yīng)鏈遍布更多的國家。正確答案D operate more globalized companies經(jīng)營更全球化的公司是該句內(nèi)容的同義替換。干擾項A的foster a stronger sense of teamwork培養(yǎng)更強(qiáng)的團(tuán)隊合作意識，文中提到意識，只有對金融市場有很好的了解，甚至公司應(yīng)該如何進(jìn)行交易的意識，屬于偷換概念。選項B的finance more research and development資助更多的研發(fā)，定位段并沒有提到，屬于無中生有。選項D的establish closer ties with tech companies與科技公司建立更緊密的聯(lián)系，定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。

　　28.【答案】B strict corporate governance

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the 1970s定位到第四段第三句Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. 然而，首席執(zhí)行官的薪酬主要是在這一治理更加有力的時期一直居高不下。正確答案B strict corporate governance嚴(yán)格的公司管理，屬于原文內(nèi)容的替換表達(dá)。干擾項A的continual internal opposition持續(xù)的內(nèi)部對立在文中并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項C的 conservative business strategies 保守的商業(yè)策略，定位段并沒有提到，屬于無中生有。選項D的repeated government warnings 政府的再三警告定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。

　　29.【答案】D increase corporate value

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞High CEO pay及順序出題規(guī)則，繼續(xù)看尾段，定位句是And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.當(dāng)公司把首席執(zhí)行官的薪酬與股票價格掛鉤時，股票市場的反應(yīng)是積極的，這表明這些做法不僅為首席執(zhí)行官帶來機(jī)制，而且創(chuàng)造了公司價值。正確答案D increase corporate value增加公司價值，是原文內(nèi)容的替換表達(dá)。干擾項A的confirm the status of CEOs證實(shí)CEO的地位，定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項B的motivate inside candidates激發(fā)內(nèi)部候選人的積極性，文中尾段首句首席執(zhí)行官的最高薪水是付給外部候選人的，而不是付給那些舒適的內(nèi)部人選，屬于偷換概念。選項C的boost the efficiency of CEOs提高CEO的效率，定位段未提到，屬于無中生有。

　　30. 【答案】A CEOs Are Not Overpaid

　　解析：本題目為主旨題，考察文章主旨。根據(jù)題干分析文章主題詞為CEO的薪酬，所以排除C項、D項選項A的CEOs Are Not Overpaid 首席執(zhí)行官的薪水并不高。選項B的CEO Pay: Past and Present CEO的薪酬：過去和現(xiàn)在，而CEO過去的薪酬并不是原文中心，屬于偏離主題，因此正確選項為A。

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