Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends -- and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.

　　In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable-- it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary -- feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.

　　And quilt , by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.

　　Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti , a psychology professor at the University of Toronto ,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some Kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa : High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

　　In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones share more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.

　　“That’s good news,” Malti says, “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”

　　21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _______.

　　A. regulate a child’s basic emotions

　　B. improve a child’s intellectual ability

　　C. foster a child’s moral development

　　D. intensify a child’s positive feelings

　　22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _______.

　　A. deceptive

　　B. burdensome

　　C. addictive

　　D. inexcusable

　　23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that _______.

　　A. emotions are context-independent

　　B. emotions are socially constructive

　　C. emotional stability can benefit health

　　D. an emotion can play opposing roles

　　24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.

　　A. may help correct emotional deficiencies

　　B. can result from either sympathy or guilt

　　C. can bring about emotional satisfaction

　　D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts

　　25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _______.

　　A. teachings

　　B. discussions

　　C. restrictions

　　D. wrongdoings

　　Text 2

　　Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder callenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.

　　Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap - but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. Califormia is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.

　　The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.

　　The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010,drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.

　　California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 - financed from the proceeds of the state' s emissions- permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.

　　The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.

　　State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. Califormia's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.

　　26. By saying “one of the harder challenges ,”the author implies that_________.

　　A. global climate change may get out of control

　　B. people may misunderstand global warming

　　C. extreme weather conditions may arise

　　D. forests may become a potential threat

　　27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks," we may need to__________.

　　A. preserve the diversity of species in them

　　B. accelerate the growth of young trees

　　C. strike a balance among different plants

　　D. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity

　　28. California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to_______.

　　A. cultivate more drought-resistant trees

　　B. reduce the density of some of its forests

　　C. find more effective ways to kill insects

　　D. restore its forests quickly after wildfires

　　29.What is essential to California's plan according to Paragraph 5?

　　A. To handle the areas in serious danger first.

　　B. To carry it out before the year of 2020.

　　C. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.

　　D. To obtain enough financial support.

　　30. The author's attitude to California's plan can best be described as________.

　　A. ambiguous

　　B. tolerant

　　C. supportive

　　D. cautious

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