2012年12月英語四級考試閱讀習題及答案解析(4)

　　2012.12英語四級篇章詞匯閱讀篇(4)

　　Passage 4

　　Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of __1__ or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as __2__ or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.

　　The early years of development are __3__ years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to __4__ with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can __5__ affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents’ and coaches’ criticisms to heart and find a flaw(缺陷)in themselves.

　　Coaches and parents should also be __6__ that youth sport participation does not become work for children. That outcome of the game should not be more important than the __7__ of learning the sport and other life lessons. In today’s youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of __8__ themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents and coaches __9__ on the outcome and find fault with youngsters’ performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism can create __10__ levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.

　　A)process B)high C)enjoying D)anxiety

　　E)settle F)cautious G)cooperate H)greatly

　　I)dropping J)hardly K)intense L)focus

　　M)aspiration N)critical O)procedure

　　參考答案及解析:

　　1.選D)。 由or可知，此處應填名詞，并且所填名詞和stress詞語詞性相同，選項中有anxiety和aspiration，但由最后一段中worrying more可推出，壓力會給運動員造成過多的焦慮，而不是渴望，故排除aspiration而選anxiety。

　　2.選I)。由or可知， 此處應填動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，且表達的意思應與quitting相近，故排除選項中的enjoying而選dropping“不再做(某事)”。

　　3.選N)。此處應填形容詞。從原文“成長過程的最初幾年是了解自己的......時期�！笨蛇x項有cautious和critical，由后文中的valuable experiences和be used throughout their lives可推出，成長的最初幾年是了解自己的關鍵時期，而不是謹慎時期。故排除cautious而選critical。

　　4.選G)。此處應填動詞， 且能與with構成搭配�？蛇x項有settle和cooperate，而settle with sb. 意為“同某人解決(法律上的爭端)",顯然不符合題意，因此選cooperate“合作”。

　　5.選H)。此處應填副詞�？蛇x項有greatly和hardly，由take......to heart可推出，教練和父母的反饋信息會極大地影響年輕運動員，故排除hardly而選greatly。

　　6.選F)。由also可知， 此處應填與aware對應的形容詞。因此，可選項有cautious和critical，但that從句解釋的是參與體育運動不能成為孩子們的工作，故只有cautious符合題意。

　　7.選A)。此處應填名詞。由that可知，此處應填與outcome意思相反的詞，故只有process“過程”符合題意，選項中procedure強調的是“程序”，故排除。

　　8.選C)。由句中的instead of可知，此處應填動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。根據(jù)worrying和instead of可推出，此處應填與worrying意思相反的詞，因此，選項中只有enjoying符合題意。

　　9.選L)。此處應填動詞，且能與on構成搭配�？蛇x項有settle和focus，但從句意來理解，比賽后，許多父母和教練......比賽結果，而且總是在挑剔年輕人在比賽中的表現(xiàn)。settle on“決定，同意：，顯然與句意不符，故排除settle而選focus，focus on在此意為“看重".

　　10.選B)。此處應填形容詞。但選項中的形容詞有high和intense，應為這個形容詞由來修飾名詞level，而intense表示“緊張的，強烈的”不能用來修飾level，故選擇high。

　　導讀：

　　Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other

　　teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of D)anxiety or stress for young athletes.(其中as

　　well as表示“也，又”，它連接的是句子的主語，此句是一個復雜的簡單句，句子的主干為Criticism...

　　as well as pressure...。from coaches, parents, and other teammates修飾Criticism。)Stress can be physical,

　　emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout.(Stress can be physical... and

　　research...。其中it指代的是Stress，因此可推出文章的最后一句與此句的照應。) Burnout has been

　　described as I)dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.(Burnout has been... quitting of

　　an activity...。其中that引導的定語從句修飾activity。at one time意為“一度，以前“，enjoyable意為

　　”令人愉快的“。)

　　The early years of development are N)critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable

　　experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to G)cooperate with others, make friends, and gain

　　other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback

　　to youngsters can H)greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents' and coaches' criticisms to heart and find

　　a flaw(缺陷)inthemselves.

　　Coaches and parents should also be F)cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. That outcome

　　of the game should not be more important than the A)process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In today's youth sport

　　setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of C)enjoying themselves and the sport. (In today's...

　　young athletes...。這是一個雙重復合句，動詞短語worrying more about后接who引導的賓語從句，而instead of

　　后接的是省去了be的謂語，即”不是...... 而是擔心......“。Following a game many parents and coaches L)focus on the

　　outcome and find fault with youngsters' performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome.

　　Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism can

　　create B)high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.

　　全文翻譯：

　　體育運動不僅是對體力的挑戰(zhàn)，而且是對心理的挑戰(zhàn)。來自教練，父母和隊友的批評以及想要獲勝的壓力會給年輕的運動員造成一種過度的焦慮或壓力。壓力可以是身體上的，情感上的，或者是心理上的。而且研究已表明，它能導致人的精疲力竭。有人把這種狀態(tài)描述為中斷或放棄某種一度曾喜愛的活動。

　　成長過程中最初的幾年是了解自己的最關鍵時期。運動的環(huán)境能使運動員獲得寶貴人生經驗。例如，年輕運動員能學到怎樣和他人合作，交朋友，并獲得一些終生受用的其他社會技能。教練和父母始終都應該清楚一點，他們給年輕人的反饋信息會極大地影響他們。年輕人也許會謹記他們父母和教練的批評，并且找到自身的缺陷。

　　教練和父母還因該謹慎一點，即參與體育運動并不會成為孩子們的工作。比賽結果應該不會比學習體育和其他一些人生經驗的過程更為重要�，F(xiàn)在在年輕人的體育運動環(huán)境中，年輕運動員也許更擔心的是誰會贏得比賽，而不是在體育運動中體會樂趣。在一場比賽后，許多父母和教練看中的是比賽結果，總是找出年輕人在比賽表現(xiàn)中的失誤。事實上，不論比賽結果如何，都要給他們積極的肯定。研究表明，與批評相比，積極的肯定更能激勵人，在幫助學習上具有更大作用。相反，批評只會產生高度壓力從而導致人們放棄某種活動。

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