2011年6月英語四級(jí)語法題考點(diǎn)經(jīng)典總結(jié)

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　一、 非謂語動(dòng)詞

　　近幾年的語法測(cè)試中非謂語動(dòng)詞約占31.1%，平均每年近5道題，可謂是語法項(xiàng)目考查的重點(diǎn)，那么非謂語動(dòng)詞的考查都有哪些特點(diǎn)，解答時(shí)又應(yīng)注意些什么呢?下面我和大家就一起來分析一下：

　　1、非謂語動(dòng)詞考查特點(diǎn)

　　1) 謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞的判斷

　　對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：

　　All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1)

　　A. had been canceled B. have been canceled

　　C. were canceled D. having been canceled

　　四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有三個(gè)是謂語動(dòng)詞，只有D是非謂語動(dòng)詞，只要同學(xué)們能判斷出這里是非謂語動(dòng)詞做狀語，則不用考慮時(shí)態(tài)的問題，答案自明。

　　2) 謂語動(dòng)詞后不定式與動(dòng)名詞的選擇

　　謂語動(dòng)詞后接不定式還是接動(dòng)名詞也是四級(jí)語法測(cè)試中的一個(gè)題眼。如：

　�、� I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.

　　(2000.1)

　　A. you to delay making B. your delaying making

　　C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make

　　② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have

　　got in.(1996.1)

　　A. to close B. closing

　　C. to have closed D. having closed

　�、� Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow.

　　A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut(1997.6)

　　這類題涉及三個(gè)方面：

　　謂語動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)該接不定式還是動(dòng)名詞?

　　即可接不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上有何差別?

　　不定式與動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式還是用被動(dòng)形式?

　　3) 做定語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇

　　從近幾年的考查情況來看，對(duì)做定語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的考查有兩種情況：

　　(1)對(duì)一般概念的考查，而不是固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語。如：

　�、� The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's

　　telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(1999.6)

　　A. accomplished B. being accomplished

　　C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished

　�、� If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor

　　and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.(1996.6)

　　A. to correct B. correcting

　　C. having been corrected D. being corrected

　　同學(xué)們只要掌握非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語的一般的規(guī)律,就可以判斷①題答案為C，②題答案為D。

　　(2)對(duì)固定結(jié)構(gòu)的考查，如：

　�、� The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his

　　arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)

　　A. to be based on B. to base on

　　C. which to base on D. on which to base

　�、� The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it

　　also puts them under a constant emotional strain.

　　A. to compete B. competing

　　C. to be competed D. having competed

　�、兕}為不定式做定語的固定形式，答案為D，②題為某些特定名詞的定語結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為A。在英語中有些名詞，如動(dòng)詞變來的名詞，形容詞變來的名詞，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定語，不定式?jīng)]有體的變化。

　　4) 做狀語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇

　　做狀語的非謂語動(dòng)詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇，如：

　　① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6)

　　A. Having believed 　　B. Believing 　　C. Believed 　　D. Being Believed

　�、� _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.(1995.1)

　　A. To become 　　B. Become 　　C. One becomes 　　D. On becoming

　�、� Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.(1995.1)

　　A. not wanted 　　B. no to want 　　C. not wanting　　 D. wanting not

　�、� ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1)

　　A. Believe 　　B. To believe 　　C. Believing 　　D. Believed

　　從以上各題來看，考查的側(cè)重點(diǎn)有：

　　(1)狀語類別的判斷

　　不同的狀語對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的要求不同，目的狀語要求用不定式，如②。

　　(2)非謂語動(dòng)詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關(guān)系

　　根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的不同來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞。

　　(3)非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定形式

　　not否定非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)置于非謂語動(dòng)詞之前，如③。

　　(4) 獨(dú)立成分

　　有些非謂語動(dòng)詞的使用不受與句子主語關(guān)系的限制，稱為獨(dú)立成分，這類成 分只記憶即可。如:

　　generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。

　　5) 做補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇

　　做賓語補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動(dòng)詞受謂語動(dòng)詞的限制，不同動(dòng)詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語形式要求不同。近幾年對(duì)各類賓補(bǔ)都有考查。如：

　�、� They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.(1998.1)

　　A. install 　　B. to install 　　C. to be installed 　　D. installed

　�、� After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory

　　dispute ______.(1998.6)

　　A. being settled 　　B. to be settled 　　C. had settled 　　D. as settled

　　③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.(2000.6)

　　A. to be advertised 　　B. advertised 　　C. advertise 　　D. advertising

　�、� His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)

　　A. wondered 　　B. wonder 　　C. to wonder 　　D. wondering

　　⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.(1997.1)

　　A. cheating 　　B. cheat 　　C. to cheat 　　D. to be cheating

　�、� The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the

　　audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.(2000.1)

　　A. having seated 　　B. seating 　　C. seated　　 D. having been seated

　　考查涉及到

　　感官動(dòng)詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語，如③。

　　have, make, let, leave等特殊單詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語。

　　regard類后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語

　　with獨(dú)立分句后面的

　　常用動(dòng)詞后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語。

　　6) 做表語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇

　　表語的考查多側(cè)重于分詞做表語形式的選擇，很少有動(dòng)名詞的用法的考查，雖然選項(xiàng)中有不定式作為干擾項(xiàng)，只要能看出是做表語的也就不用考慮。如：

　�、� The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the

　　mountain.(1999.6)

　　A. isolated 　　B. isolating 　　C. being isolated 　　D. having been isolated

　�、� These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.(2000.6)

　　A. unrecorded 　　B. to be unrecorded 　　C. unrecording 　　D. to have been unrecorded

　　分詞做表語可以做系動(dòng)詞be的表語，也可以做其它系動(dòng)詞的表語，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。這些系動(dòng)詞后非謂語動(dòng)詞的餓用法規(guī)則是相同的。

　　7) to作為介詞與作為不定式符號(hào)的選擇

　　to可以是介詞，也可以用來引導(dǎo)不定式，四級(jí)考試中對(duì)種類用法的考查也比較多。如：

　　① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6)

　　A. to hear 　　B. to hearing 　　C. to having heard 　　D. to have heard

　�、� The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.(1996.6)

　　A. to dealing 　　B. in dealing 　　C. dealing 　　D. to deal

　�、� The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager

　　of the company.(1997.6)

　　A. have told 　　B. be told 　　C. being told 　　D. having told

　　這類考題的考查方式有兩種，一是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩個(gè)相對(duì)的選項(xiàng)to do something 和 to doing something，這時(shí)考查的自然是to的性質(zhì);另一種是to在題干中，如③。

　　8) 分詞前連詞的使用

　　分詞前連詞的使用是為了使分詞的作用更加明了，使考生更加準(zhǔn)確地理解試題�？疾橛袃煞N情況

　　(1)根據(jù)連詞選擇適當(dāng)?shù)姆衷~形式

　　Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1)

　　A. scolding 　　B. to scold 　　C. having scolded 　　D. scolded

　　when的使用說明非謂語動(dòng)詞做時(shí)間狀語，答案不可能是B，從scold與句子主語間的邏輯關(guān)系來看，應(yīng)該是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是D。

　　(2)根據(jù)狀語的功能選擇不同的連詞

　　Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of

　　patient do not take drugs ___ directed.(1996.1)

　　A. like 　　B. so 　　C. which 　　D. as

　　由上下文的意思可以看出，分詞所做的是方式狀語，連詞應(yīng)該是as。

　　9) 非謂語動(dòng)詞的體

　　非謂語動(dòng)詞中分詞的體有完成體和進(jìn)行體，即having done, having been done和being done，完成體只用于做狀語的場(chǎng)合，而進(jìn)行體可以用于做定語和做補(bǔ)足語。

　　動(dòng)名詞的體也有having done, having been done和 being done的結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于做主語和賓語的場(chǎng)合。

　　不定式的體有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

　　① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)

　　A. have told 　　B. be told 　　C. being told 　　D. having told

　　having told在句中做介詞賓語，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。

　�、� I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1)

　　A. to get worse 　　B. to be getting worse 　　C. to have got worse 　　D. getting worse

　　從all the time的使用可以推斷get worse是一個(gè)漸變過程，所以用不定式的進(jìn)行體。

　�、� The speech _____ a lively discussion started.(1995.1)

　　A. being delivered 　　B. was delivered 　　C. be delivered 　　D. having been delivered

　　該結(jié)構(gòu)屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做時(shí)間狀語，狀語分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，所以應(yīng)該用完成體，答案為D

　　10)動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

　　動(dòng)名詞符合結(jié)構(gòu)可以做主語、賓語和表語，在對(duì)動(dòng)名詞的考查中總是將其邏輯主語包括進(jìn)來，形成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：

　�、� _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents

　　wished for.(1999.1)

　　A. The girl was educated 　　B. The girl educated

　　C. The girl's being educated　　 D. The girl to be educated

　　本題涉及題眼比較多，A，為從句做主語，但缺少that，D為不定式做主語，但缺少for(for the girl to be educated)，B結(jié)構(gòu)不能做主語，答案是C，為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

　�、� Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.

　　A. there being a chance 　　B. there to be a chance

　　C. there be a chance 　　D. being a chance

　　介詞后用動(dòng)名詞，表示存在時(shí)必須用there be句型，所以答案為A，這也是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，there為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。

　　③ I don't mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.

　　A. you to delay making 　　B. your delaying making

　　C. you delaying to make 　　D. you delay to make (2000.1)

　　Mind要求接動(dòng)名詞,動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語用形容詞性物主代詞，答案自然是B。

　　④ I would appreciate _____ it a secret.(1995.6)

　　A. your keeping 　　B. you to keep 　　C. that you keep 　　D. that you will keep

　　本題與上一題類似，答案是A。

　　2.非謂語動(dòng)詞解題策略

　　1)正確判斷非謂語動(dòng)詞

　　這類題一般出現(xiàn)在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果在選項(xiàng)與句子之間沒有連詞，則說明，所選為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，既名詞或主格代詞 + 分詞。

　　All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.

　　A. considered 　　B. be considered 　　C. considering 　　D. having considered (1998.6)

　　句子沒有連詞，說明所選結(jié)構(gòu)不屬于從句，那么就是獨(dú)立主格做狀語，根據(jù)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是A。

　　____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6)

　　A. Other things being equal 　　B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal

　　做狀語的可以是從句，但B的結(jié)構(gòu)是虛擬條件，與這里不符，不表目的，C不對(duì)，不表將來，獨(dú)立主格中非謂語動(dòng)詞不能是不定式，答案為A。

　　4) 判斷動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的方式

　　主語位置上，或動(dòng)詞、介詞后的"名詞代詞 + 非謂語動(dòng)詞"，如果表示的是一個(gè)事件則是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是"名詞 + 定語。請(qǐng)看以下各例：

　　He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.

　　A. left 　　B. being left　　 C. leaving D　　. be left

　　insist on后不接從句，D可以排除。這里表達(dá)的是堅(jiān)持要求"開著窗子睡覺"，所以應(yīng)該是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為B。

　　The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.

　　A. blocked 　　B. was blocked 　　C. blocking　　 D. being blocked

　　做主語的表示上班遲到的原因，自然應(yīng)該是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被堵的道路"，所以還是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為D。

　　The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.

　　A. had been admitted 　　B. admitted 　　C. having been admitted 　　D. having admitted

　　消息表達(dá)的應(yīng)該是個(gè)事件，說明不是"被錄取的孩子"，介詞of后不可能接從句，說明of后為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案是C。

　　3) 注意分析非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系

　　正確判斷非謂語動(dòng)詞與起邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系是正確選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的保證，不管是做什么成分的非謂語動(dòng)詞都體現(xiàn)以下特點(diǎn)：

　　如果非謂語動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語之間是主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞;

　　如果非謂語動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則用過去分詞;

　　如果表示將來，則用動(dòng)詞不定式。

　　這是非謂語動(dòng)詞運(yùn)用的基本原則，然后再根據(jù)其不同的作用，掌握其更細(xì)的規(guī)則。如：

　　(1)做定語時(shí)

　　做定語的可以是動(dòng)名詞、分詞或不定式。動(dòng)名詞做前置定語，所構(gòu)成的大多為固定短語，四級(jí)考試一般不涉及。主要考查分詞和不定式做定語。分詞或不定式做定語一般做后置定語。

　�、� The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's

　　telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.

　　A. accomplished 　　B. being accomplished 　　C. to be accomplished 　　D. having been accomplished

　�、� Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1)

　　A. done 　　B. be done 　　C. having done 　　D. to have been done

　�、� As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households

　　or more.(1998.1)

　　A. having 　　B. to have　　C. to have had 　　D. having had

　�、� Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists.

　　A. invited 　　B. were invited 　　C. inviting 　　D. to invite

　　做定語的非謂語動(dòng)詞有一下幾種形式：

　　"doing 結(jié)構(gòu)":分詞與中心詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,表示正在進(jìn)行,或狀態(tài)。如③

　　"being done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與中心詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示被動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行，如：No one is to enter the building being repaired.

　　"to be done結(jié)構(gòu)"：不定式與中心詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示將來和被動(dòng)，如①。

　　"done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與中心詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示被動(dòng)、完成或一般，如②④。

　　"to do結(jié)構(gòu)"：不定式與中心詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示將來。如：The professor to give us a speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works.

　　完成形式不能做定語，包括分詞的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。

　　(2)做狀語

　　做狀語的可以是不定式，也可以是分詞。大體結(jié)構(gòu)有：

　　"doing 結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與句子主語為主謂關(guān)系，表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是同時(shí)存在的狀態(tài)。如：

　　______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.

　　A. Having believed 　　B. Believing 　　C. Believed 　　D. Being believed

　　"done結(jié)構(gòu)"：只要分詞與句子主語間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系就可以用過去分詞，可以表示完成，可以表示正在進(jìn)行，也可以表示條件。如：

　　_______ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.

　　A. Too look at 　　B. Looking at 　　C. Looked at 　　D. To be looked at (2000.1)

　　He came in, followed by a group of reporters.

　　"having done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與句子主語是主謂關(guān)系，切發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。Having seen the film already, I declined his invitation to go to the cinema.

　　"having been done結(jié)構(gòu)"：該結(jié)構(gòu)表示完成被動(dòng)，即分詞與句子主語之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，切發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。如：Having been showed many times, he still didn't understand the operation of the machine.

　　"to do 結(jié)構(gòu)"：這是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中可以做目的狀語，也可以做結(jié)果狀語，但不定式動(dòng)作總是發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之后。如：

　　_______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.

　　A. To become 　　B. Become 　　C. One becomes 　　D. On becoming

　　表結(jié)果時(shí)一般為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如too …to…, enough to….，或是表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，�？杉訕�(gòu)成only to的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

　　I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herself in hospital.

　　"being done結(jié)構(gòu)"：該結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)與正在進(jìn)行，一般置于句首，表示原因。如：Being chased by some spies, he hid himself in the grass.

　　(2)做表語

　　測(cè)試中對(duì)表語的考查主要側(cè)重在現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別上，所以對(duì)于做表語的非謂語動(dòng)詞，主要看分詞與句子主語之間的關(guān)系。做表語的分詞一般只有doing和done兩種形式�，F(xiàn)在分詞表示做表語的與主語是主謂關(guān)系;過去分詞表示做表語的與主語之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。根據(jù)使用規(guī)律，如果主語是無生命名詞，則表語分詞為現(xiàn)在分詞;如果主語是有生命名詞，以過去分詞居多，但也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞，但意思不同。如：

　　How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望)

　　How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election. (他令人失望)

　　可接表語的系動(dòng)詞很多，除be外還有remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。

　　(3)做補(bǔ)足語

　　一般做賓補(bǔ)的非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞的形式選擇與其它成分中的非謂語動(dòng)詞形式選擇規(guī)則基本相同。 doing結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞與賓語構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，表正在進(jìn)行。

　　When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and

　　started dealing with another shop.

　　A. cheating 　　B. cheat 　　C. to cheat 　　D. to be cheating

　　done結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞與賓語構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示被動(dòng)與完成。

　　Don't get your schedule _____;stay with us in this class.(1996.1)

　　A. to change 　　B. changing　　 C. changed 　　D. change

　　to do 結(jié)構(gòu)：不定式表示將來，如wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebody to do等等。

　　being done結(jié)構(gòu)：表示被動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行, watch the flag being raised

　　Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe

　　until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.(2000.1)

　　A. being cultivated B. been cultivated

　　C. having cultivated D. cultivating

　　to be done結(jié)構(gòu)：用語表示將來與被動(dòng)，一般用語主謂關(guān)系時(shí)可用to做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞后，如：want something to be done, order something to be done 完成形式不能做賓補(bǔ)。

　　4) 注意分析非謂語動(dòng)詞做什么狀語

　　不同的狀語對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定式，另外，測(cè)試中也常有選擇非謂語動(dòng)詞前連詞的試題。因此，同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意根據(jù)狀語與句子間的關(guān)系，判斷連詞的使用。

　　5) 注意不定式的特殊句式

　　不定式在做定語和做狀語時(shí)都有其特殊句式，注意這些句式的特點(diǎn)，考試中就會(huì)少走一點(diǎn)彎路。如：

　　have something to do類：

　　這類結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于漢語的連動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，即"有事要做"，"買東西吃"，"借書看"等。

　　a room in which to live類：

　　該類結(jié)構(gòu)是a room to live in 的變體。但如果不熟悉這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，考試中則難以決斷。如：

　　You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent.(1998.1)

　　A. there 　　B. them 　　C. which 　　D. where

　　The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)

　　A. to be based on 　　B. to base on 　　C. which to base on 　　D. on which to base

　　the first to do

　　該結(jié)構(gòu)表示如果名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)本身做名詞用，其后應(yīng)不定式做定語。

　　the ability to do

　　該結(jié)構(gòu)表示，形容詞變了的名詞后用不定式做定語。

　　the need to do

　　該結(jié)構(gòu)表示由動(dòng)詞變來的名詞后用不定式做定語。

　　the way to do

　　該結(jié)構(gòu)表示，在一些特定的名詞后面常用不定式做定語，應(yīng)注意記憶，如means, reason, time, pressure, moment

　　6) 熟記固定搭配，分清不定式與to加動(dòng)名詞

　　其實(shí)容易產(chǎn)生不定式符號(hào)與介詞混淆的只是為數(shù)不多的某些句式，只要平時(shí)注意積累即可。

　　prefer doing something to doing something

　　look forward to doing something

　　be used to doing something (習(xí)慣于做某事)

　　stick to doing something

　　object to doing something/ have objection to doing something

　　be opposed to doing something

　　admit/confess to doing something

　　I have no objection _____ your story again.(2000.6)

　　A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard

　　The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company.

　　A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told

　　從出題人的心理來看，如果有to do something和 to doing something的對(duì)比項(xiàng)，一般答案是to doing something。

　　7) 分清賓補(bǔ)的類別

　　(1)感官動(dòng)詞后的賓補(bǔ)可以是

　　doing, do, done, being done的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中being done 只用于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞后面， 如find, smell, feel等。

　　(2)have somebody do something 讓某人做某事

　　have somebody doing something 讓某人一直做某事

　　won't have somebody do something 不許某人做某事

　　have something done 使某事被做

　　have something + ving 讓……一直……

　　(3)catch,smell,keep,set,等只能接doing的結(jié)構(gòu),表示主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行。

　　(4)leave somebody doing something 讓某人一直做某事

　　leave something undone 使某事只做了一半

　　leave something to be done 事情有待于解決

　　leave somebody to do something讓某事做某事，表示將來

　　(5)with somebody to do something賓補(bǔ)與賓語是主謂關(guān)系，表示將來。

　　with somebody doing something 賓補(bǔ)與賓語之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示正在進(jìn)行。

　　with something to do 賓補(bǔ)與賓語間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示將來，動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者在句中找的著。

　　with something to be done賓補(bǔ)與賓語是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示將來，但動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者在句中找不著。

　　with something done 賓補(bǔ)與賓語之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示完成。

　　8) 注意下列結(jié)構(gòu)中非謂語動(dòng)詞的體

　　pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something

　　不定式動(dòng)作一般為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可是終止性動(dòng)詞，表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)存在或發(fā)生。

　　pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something

　　不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。

　　pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something

　　不定式動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)進(jìn)行

　　9)熟記哪些動(dòng)詞后接不定式,哪些接動(dòng)名詞,如果兩者都可，又有什么差別。

　　既可接不定式,又可接動(dòng)名詞,用法有別的動(dòng)詞常考的有: forget,remember, regret, mean, try等。

　　10)注意want/need/require表示"需要"時(shí)的特殊句式

　　want/need/require表"需要"時(shí)，后接主動(dòng)的動(dòng)名詞或被動(dòng)的不定式，即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。

　　二、 比較級(jí)

　　1. Test Yourself

　　在我們分析比較級(jí)的測(cè)試特點(diǎn)探討其應(yīng)對(duì)策略之前,讓我們首先看以下幾題。

　　1) Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and information.(1995.6)

　　A. are the most three common means

　　B. are the most common three means

　　C. are the three most common means

　　D. are three the most common means

　　2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ________ would be getting sick.(1998.1)

　　A. a lot of more us 　　B. more a lot of us

　　C. a lot of us more 　　C. a lot more of us

　　3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.(1999.1)

　　A. than 　　B. more than 　　C. as 　　D. so much as

　　4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.(1998.6)

　　A. twice as much protein 　　B. twice protein as much twice

　　C. twice protein as much 　　D. protein as twice much

　　5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.

　　A. likely 　　B. more likely 　　C. most likely 　　D. much likely

　　6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.(1995.1)

　　A. nearly 　　B. quite 　　C. hardly 　　D. almost

　　7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.(1995.1)

　　A. and 　　B. than 　　C. as 　　D. but

　　8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.(1995.1)

　　A. to be paid more than a month late

　　B. to be paid later than more a month

　　C. to pay later than a month more

　　D. to pay late more than a month

　　9) It is reported that ________adopted children went to know who their natural parents are.(1997.1)

　　A. the most 　　B. most of 　　C. most 　　D. the most of

　　10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.(1997.1)

　　A. almost more than 　　B. hardly more than 　　C. nearly more than 　　D. as much as

　　參考答案：

　　1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B

　　2. 比較級(jí)測(cè)試特點(diǎn)

　　在四級(jí)測(cè)試中，比較級(jí)屬低檔題，比較簡(jiǎn)單，考查范圍大體有

　　1)比較級(jí)形式的判斷

　　比較級(jí)考題在設(shè)計(jì)干擾項(xiàng)時(shí)一般都會(huì)有比較與非比較的選擇，more than 與as/so …as的選擇。如上面的③，⑤。

　　2)比較級(jí)的修飾語

　　比較級(jí)的修飾語包括修飾語的結(jié)構(gòu)和修飾語的選用。

　　結(jié)構(gòu)指比較級(jí)修飾語須置于比較級(jí)之前，如①，②和④。

　　修飾語的選用根據(jù)其所表達(dá)的意思而定，如⑥，⑩。

　　3)比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)與其它結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別

　　如⑧中形容詞修飾語more than a month與比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別，⑨中most 與the most的區(qū)別。

　　3. 比較級(jí)應(yīng)對(duì)策略

　　1)如果選項(xiàng)中有比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，則該題則為比較級(jí)考查題，可根據(jù)比較級(jí)使用規(guī)則選擇正確答案。

　　2)比較級(jí)修飾語應(yīng)注意more than 或as…as結(jié)構(gòu)之前。

　　3)注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性，要么是more than 結(jié)構(gòu)，要么是as/so …as 結(jié)構(gòu)，或是the more …., the more ….的句型。

　　4)注意結(jié)構(gòu)的各種變體：

　　結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)名詞時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)可以是as old a car, as many /much/few/little …as。

　　5)如果有比較 對(duì)象的選擇應(yīng)注意比較對(duì)象的一致性和互不包容性。如：

　　His English is better than anyone else's in his class.

　　二、 比較級(jí)

　　1. Test Yourself

　　在我們分析比較級(jí)的測(cè)試特點(diǎn)探討其應(yīng)對(duì)策略之前,讓我們首先看以下幾題。

　　1) Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and information.(1995.6)

　　A. are the most three common means

　　B. are the most common three means

　　C. are the three most common means

　　D. are three the most common means

　　2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ________ would be getting sick.(1998.1)

　　A. a lot of more us 　　B. more a lot of us

　　C. a lot of us more 　　C. a lot more of us

　　3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.(1999.1)

　　A. than 　　B. more than 　　C. as 　　D. so much as

　　4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.(1998.6)

　　A. twice as much protein 　　B. twice protein as much twice

　　C. twice protein as much 　　D. protein as twice much

　　5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.

　　A. likely 　　B. more likely 　　C. most likely 　　D. much likely

　　6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.(1995.1)

　　A. nearly 　　B. quite 　　C. hardly 　　D. almost

　　7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.(1995.1)

　　A. and 　　B. than 　　C. as 　　D. but

　　8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.(1995.1)

　　A. to be paid more than a month late

　　B. to be paid later than more a month

　　C. to pay later than a month more

　　D. to pay late more than a month

　　9) It is reported that ________adopted children went to know who their natural parents are.(1997.1)

　　A. the most 　　B. most of 　　C. most 　　D. the most of

　　10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.(1997.1)

　　A. almost more than 　　B. hardly more than 　　C. nearly more than 　　D. as much as

　　參考答案：

　　1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B

　　2. 比較級(jí)測(cè)試特點(diǎn)

　　在四級(jí)測(cè)試中，比較級(jí)屬低檔題，比較簡(jiǎn)單，考查范圍大體有

　　1)比較級(jí)形式的判斷

　　比較級(jí)考題在設(shè)計(jì)干擾項(xiàng)時(shí)一般都會(huì)有比較與非比較的選擇，more than 與as/so …as的選擇。如上面的③，⑤。

　　2)比較級(jí)的修飾語

　　比較級(jí)的修飾語包括修飾語的結(jié)構(gòu)和修飾語的選用。

　　結(jié)構(gòu)指比較級(jí)修飾語須置于比較級(jí)之前，如①，②和④。

　　修飾語的選用根據(jù)其所表達(dá)的意思而定，如⑥，⑩。

　　3)比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)與其它結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別

　　如⑧中形容詞修飾語more than a month與比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別，⑨中most 與the most的區(qū)別。

　　3. 比較級(jí)應(yīng)對(duì)策略

　　1)如果選項(xiàng)中有比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，則該題則為比較級(jí)考查題，可根據(jù)比較級(jí)使用規(guī)則選擇正確答案。

　　2)比較級(jí)修飾語應(yīng)注意more than 或as…as結(jié)構(gòu)之前。

　　3)注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性，要么是more than 結(jié)構(gòu)，要么是as/so …as 結(jié)構(gòu)，或是the more …., the more ….的句型。

　　4)注意結(jié)構(gòu)的各種變體：

　　結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)名詞時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)可以是as old a car, as many /much/few/little …as。

　　5)如果有比較 對(duì)象的選擇應(yīng)注意比較對(duì)象的一致性和互不包容性。如：

　　His English is better than anyone else's in his class.

　　三、 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

　　1. Test Yourself

　　首先讓我們分析以下近幾年情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考題：

　　1) This box is too heavy, _________give me a hand?(1998.1)

　　A .would you mind 　　B. would you please 　　C. will you like to 　　D. will you please to

　　2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night , no matter what we ____ during the day.(1999.1)

　　A. should have done 　　B. would have done 　　C. may have done 　　D. must have done

　　3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you____ it.(1998.6)

　　A. mustn't have done 　　B. wouldn't have done 　　C. mightn't have done 　　D. didn't have to do

　　4) If you don't like to swim, you ___ stay at home.(1995.1)

　　A. should as well 　　B. may as well 　　C. can as well 　　D. would as well

　　5) You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.(2000.6)

　　A. shouldn't follow 　　B. mustn't follow 　　C. couldn't have been following 　　D. shouldn't have been following

　　6) You ___her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for

　　two weeks.(19996.1)

　　A. needn't have seen 　　B. must have seen 　　C. might have seen 　　D. can't have seen

　　7) The room is in a terrible mess; it ____ cleaned.(1996.6)

　　A. can't have been 　　B. shouldn't have been 　　C. mustn't have been 　　D. wouldn't have been

　　參考答案

　　1) B 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) A

　　2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的測(cè)試要點(diǎn)

　　從以上例題可以看出，四級(jí)語法對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的測(cè)試大體有以下幾點(diǎn)。

　　1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法，如①④⑤。

　　2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞的完成形式的用法，如③⑥。

　　3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的推測(cè)性用法⑦。

　　3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的應(yīng)對(duì)策略

　　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用主要根據(jù)其所表達(dá)的含義。解題時(shí)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

　　1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞自身結(jié)構(gòu)要正確

　　結(jié)構(gòu)包括情態(tài)動(dòng)詞自身的搭配和其后的連帶成分。除ought外情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接原形動(dòng)詞，測(cè)試中常將不同結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞置于一起設(shè)干擾項(xiàng)，如①。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都與請(qǐng)求有關(guān)，但would you mind后接動(dòng)名詞，一般說would you like to而不是will you like to，will you please后用原形動(dòng)詞，答案是would you please?

　　2)注意情態(tài)動(dòng)詞推測(cè)性用法中各個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用的句型是否與題干句型一致。

　　在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的推測(cè)性用法中，must, can, may, might, could各用于不同的句型，應(yīng)注意分辨。具體使用規(guī)律為：

　　must只用于肯定句中。

　　can/could不能用語肯定句中。

　　may/might不能用語疑問句中。

　　另外還應(yīng)注意can't表示"不可能"，may not表示"可能不"。

　　考試時(shí)，如果有原因說明自己的猜測(cè)，一般應(yīng)該must, can't用而不是may, may not。如：

　　He can't have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person.

　　Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited.

　　3) 注意推測(cè)性用法中謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間。

　　如果推測(cè)的為過去的事情，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后則用完成形式。

　　There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone.

　　如果推測(cè)的是正在進(jìn)行的事情，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后則用動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行形式。

　　They must be talking about something very secret.

　　如果推測(cè)的是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)等，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后則用原形動(dòng)詞

　　He must be badly ill. He looks so pale.

　　如果推測(cè)的是將來發(fā)生的事情，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后同樣用原形動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只能是may/might。

　　There may be a terrible storm in the following few days.

　　4) 注意"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的完成形式"所表達(dá)的意思與題干意思是否相符。

　　其它"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ 動(dòng)詞的完成形式"并不表示推測(cè)，而分別表示：

　　could have done本來能夠

　　He didn't take part in the competition, he _______ though.

　　A. won B. didn't win C. could win D. could have won

　　needn't have done 本來沒不要

　　You ________. There was plenty of time.

　　A. needn't hurry B. can't hurry

　　C. mustn't have hurried D. needn't have hurried

　　should/ought to have done 本來應(yīng)該

　　You _______ me earlier. I could have helped you.

　　A. should tell me B. should have told

　　C. need to tell D. needn't have told

　　shouldn't/oughtn't to have done 本來不應(yīng)該

　　You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.

　　A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow (2000.6)

　　C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following

　　might have done 本來應(yīng)該(用來表示一種責(zé)備)

　　You ______ even though you were busy at that time.

　　A. might help him B. must have helped him

　　C. might have helped him D. should help him

　　這類題在設(shè)計(jì)干擾項(xiàng)時(shí)，一般都會(huì)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞推測(cè)性用法的涉及，同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意分詞上下文的邏輯和語意關(guān)系。

　　5) 注意常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本句法和表意功能

　　其它常用動(dòng)詞的用法，如shall表示"命令"、"威脅"、"許諾"或征求許可，may/might as well等，同學(xué)們都應(yīng)多多注意其用法。

　　四、 倒裝

　　倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)也是比較常見的一種句式，但考查的分量不大，考試都有哪些特點(diǎn)，如何應(yīng)對(duì)，首先讓我們一起來看一下近幾年的考題。

　　1.Test Yourself.

　　1) I could not persuade him to accept it, ___ make him see the

　　importance of it.(19995.1)

　　A. if only I could not B. no more than I could

　　C. or I could not D. nor could I

　　2) Not until the game had begun ______at the sports ground.(2000.6)

　　A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived

　　C. did he arrive C. should he have arrived

　　3) The organization had broken no rules, but _____ had it acted

　　responsibly.(19996.1)

　　A. neither B. so C. either D. both

　　4) We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone

　　in the office for personal affairs.(1999.6)

　　A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use

　　5) Only under special circumstances _____to take make-up tests.(1997.6)

　　A. are freshmen permitted B. freshmen are permitted

　　C. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen

　　

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