2007年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)講義——四級(jí)寫(xiě)作（上）

　　常用的中間段展開(kāi)方法歸納如下：

　　l 列舉法

　　例：
　　Eating wild animals gives rise to a lot of negative effects. In the first place, as many wild animals carry parasites, when we eat them, the parasites enter our bodies, thus causing a lot of illnesses. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a case in point. It was reported that the virus derived from a “delicious” animal and the disease has claimed thousands of lives throughout the world and brought great damages to people’s properties. In the second place, since animals are an indispensable part of our environment, the extinction of some animals may disturb the natural balance. Last but not the least important, eating wild animals is cruel. After all, wild animals are our close friends.

　　分析：文章利用In the first place, in the second place, Last but not the lease important列舉了吃野生動(dòng)物所帶來(lái)的危害。

　　l 比較對(duì)比法

　　例：
　　People who believe in the beneficial side may have some arguments as follows. To begin with, farmers can earn more money by working in the cities. Most of them will send part of their income back home to help their families. What’s more, these farmers will help develop the cities in many ways. According to a recent survey, most of the construction projects in big cities are actually done by farmers.

　　By contrast, some people argue that farmer migration may give rise to a series of negative effects. They worry that much land will be deserted in the country. In addition, it is also believed that rising crimes in cities are partly related to this migration.

　　分析：文章利用By contrast對(duì)農(nóng)民工遷移到城市這一現(xiàn)象所帶來(lái)益處與弊端進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析。

　　l 因果法

　　例：
　　The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular?

　　First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contrast. In addition, you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce, tomato, onion, mushrooms, avocado, pickles, hot pepper, ketchup, relish, mayonnaise, mustard or whatever you wish!

　　分析：文章先在第一段的結(jié)尾用一問(wèn)句提出漢堡為什么這么受歡迎，緊接著下一段以原因列舉展開(kāi)。

　　l 例證法

　　例：
　　Take my neighbor as an example. There are three members in their family and the two adults were laid off last year. The only child will have to drop out of school next semester. In order to help them, I donated all my money—300 yuan to pay the tuition. And I plan to call on others to donate more money. Though I cannot do a lot, I have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.

　　分析：文中以我?guī)椭�鄰家孩子的事情為例說(shuō)明了展示愛(ài)的方式，并在段落結(jié)束時(shí)重申了論點(diǎn)。

　　l 發(fā)展過(guò)程法

　　例：
　　To build your own sunscope, get a carton and cut a hole in one side, big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinhole into the opposite side high enough so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton, taping a piece of aluminum foil over this hole, and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally, tape the box shut and cover all light leaks with black tape.

　　分析：文章利用Then, and then, finally層層展開(kāi)，說(shuō)明了制作sunscope的方法。

　　l 定義法

　　例：
　　Diligence is the key to success. It means persistent work and does not mean that we are to exert ourselves all day and night without rest, without food and without sleep. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement, or to work persistently without any waste of time.

　　分析：本段用means對(duì)Diligence進(jìn)行了定義說(shuō)明，使之更具體，更容易被理解。

　　l 分類法

　　例：
　　Nowadays the news media mainly consists of radio, television and newspapers. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages.

　　Newspapers are the oldest form for communicating the news. Today many people still begin their day by reading the morning paper while having breakfast, and end their day by reading the evening paper while having dinner.

　　The invention of the radio has had a tremendous influence on the world. It is able to bring up-to-minute news to distant places in a matter of seconds. Thus the development of the radio has made the world a smaller place.

　　Television is the most recently developed device for communication. It allows us to see as well as to hear the news. The fact that it enables people to see visual images has had a considerable effect on our perceptions of world event.

　　分析：文章對(duì)報(bào)紙、收音機(jī)和電視三類新聞媒介分開(kāi)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，指出了每種的特點(diǎn)，使讀者一目了然。

　　中間段常用的的核心句型歸納如下，大家可根據(jù)自己的習(xí)慣和需要選擇使用：

　　² Although the popular belief is that …, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that ….

　　² Common sense tells us that ….

　　² The increase (change / failure / success) in … mainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of) ….

　　² The increase (change / failure / success) in … is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that ….

　　² Many people would claim that ….

　　² One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to …, but … is not by itself an adequate explanation.

　　² One of the reasons given for … is that ….

　　² What is also worth noticing is that ….

　　² There are many (different / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in …. First, …. Second, …. Finally, ….

　　² There is no evidence to suggest that….

　　² Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, …. For another, ….

　　² Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that ….

　　² It gives rise to (lead to / bring /create) a host of problems (consequences).

　　² There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.

　　² It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on ….

　　² A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success / failure / development) in ….

　　² In 2000, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the total (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).

　　² By comparison with 2002, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).

　　² It accounts for 15 percent of the total.

　　² There were 100 traffic accidents in April, an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.

　　² By 2002, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as) three quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) college population (graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year (2002) preferred to (liked) ….

　　² With the development (improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization) of …, vast changes awaits this country’s society.

　　² Now people in growing (ever-increasing / significant) numbers are beginning (coming / getting) to believe (realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware) that ….

　　² According to a(n) recent (new / official) study (survey / report / poll), ….

　　² History (Our society) is filled (abounds) with the examples of ….

　　² The story (case / instance / situation) is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples (typical of dozens).

　　² A (one) recent (new / general / nationwide) study (survey / poll / investigation) conducted (taken) at a university by (officials / scientists / experts) indicates (reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates) that ….

　　² According to (As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figures (statistics / findings / data / graph / table) released (provided) by the government (an institute), it can be learned (seen / predicted) that ….

　　² There is (no) good (every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong) evidence (proof) to

　　² Personal experience (Examples I heard / read of) leads me to conclude that ….

　　² We must admit the undeniable fact that ….

　　² No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside) the fact that ….

　　² Experience (Evidence) suggests (shows) that ….

　　² Take for example … who (that) ….

　　² The same is true of ….

　　² As the saying goes, “….”

　　六、寫(xiě)作步驟

　　“三步”曲： Pre-writing: Brainstorming
　　While-writing: We cannot be too careful (做文)
　　Post-writing: Reviewing

　　七、標(biāo)點(diǎn)

　　1、英文沒(méi)有頓號(hào);
　　2、英文沒(méi)有書(shū)名號(hào)，可用斜體，引號(hào)或下劃線;專有名詞常用斜體表示;
　　3、句號(hào)不同;
　　4、省略號(hào)(…);
　　5、破折號(hào)。

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