2010年12月英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)語(yǔ)法備考指導(dǎo)：定語(yǔ)從句

　　一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。

　　例如： 1) The man who lives next to us is a fool.

　　2) You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.

　　上面兩句中的the man和the house是定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞，叫先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句放在先行詞的后面。

　　二、關(guān)系詞(連接詞)

　　1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞：that, which, who (賓格whom, 所有格whose) 和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why。關(guān)系詞放在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)還做定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。

　　2.關(guān)于that, which的用法注意點(diǎn)

　　1)只能用that，不用which作為定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞的情況

　　a)不定代詞，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞

　　There is nothing that I can do.

　　I mean the one that was bought yesterday.

　　b)先行詞有the only, the very, the same, the last修飾

　　This is the very book that I want to find.

　　The last place that I visited was the hospital.

　　c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)

　　This is the first composition that he has written in English.

　　d)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)

　　He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

　　2)不用that, 只用which的情況

　　a)引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)which

　　The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

　　b)介詞后用which

　　We depend on the land from which we get our food.

　　3.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。

　　1)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)(country, school, room…)，而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，一般用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用介詞+which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是which前的介詞選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。

　　Beijing is the place in which (=where) I was born.

　　He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.

　　2)先行詞是表示時(shí)間名詞時(shí)(year, month, day, night…)，而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)

　　從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，一般用when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用介詞+which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是when前的介詞選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。

　　His father died that year in which (=when) he was born.

　　I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.

　　3)先行詞是the reason，而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)，一般用why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用for + which的結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?

　　但是這里要指出的是，如果介詞和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三種意思，則我們只能保留介詞+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter.

　　4.判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

　　方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，就必須要

　　求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。

　　判斷改錯(cuò)：

　　( ) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

　　( ) This is the mountain village which I visited last year.

　　( ) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

　　( ) I'll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.

　　方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/

　　關(guān)系副詞。