新東方白易禮：英語四級考試語法筆記(七)

　　(七)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)。動(dòng)詞不定式一般有三種時(shí)態(tài)形式，即一般式、進(jìn)行式和完成式。

　　(1) 一般式(to+動(dòng)詞原形)：表示與主句謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生或在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生的事情。例如：

　　We’re happy to have you on our side. 有你在我們這邊我們很高興。

　　I saw him go out. 我看見他出去了。( 不定式go out 與 see同時(shí)發(fā)生。)

　　They invited me to have dinner with them.  他們邀請我和他們一起吃晚飯。

　　I hope to see you again. 我希望再見到你(to see發(fā)生在hope之后)

　　(2) 進(jìn)行式(to be+現(xiàn)在分詞)：表示主句謂語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：

　　She’s said /believed to be living nearby. 據(jù)說/據(jù)信她就住在附近。

　　When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in bed. 他進(jìn)來時(shí)，我碰巧正在床上睡覺。

　　They seem/appear to be enjoying themselves. 看上去他們似乎很快活。

　　He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his father’s sound. 他聽見父親的聲音，假裝正在做作業(yè)。

　　The president was reported to be visiting the hospital. 據(jù)報(bào)道總統(tǒng)正在訪問那家醫(yī)院。

　　(3)完成式(to have+過去分詞)：表示在主句謂語的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的事情。

　　如：I’m glad to have met your parents here. 我很高興在這兒見到了你父母。(已見過)

　　I’m sorry to have kept him waiting for me so long. 我很抱歉讓他等了我這樣久。(已經(jīng)等過了)

　　動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式和下列動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)連用，表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情：plan, hope, expect, be, intend, mean, wish, 等。注意一定是它們的過去時(shí)。另外還有should/would like/love。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示“本打算/想/計(jì)劃…”的意思。例如：

　　The game were to have taken place in Room. 比賽原計(jì)劃在羅馬舉行。

　　He planned to have gone abroad last week.= He planned to go abroad but he didn’t. 他原計(jì)劃上周出國的。

　　I’d like to have been offered the job and(to have been)given the opportunity to prove myself. 我真想(當(dāng)時(shí))把這個(gè)工作給了我，給我個(gè)機(jī)會讓我證明我自己。

　　同樣的意思也可用上述動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)加動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式來表達(dá)。例如：

　　I had hoped to visit the great pyramid .= I hoped to have visited the great pyramid.=I hoped to visit it, but I didn’t. 我本希望參觀大金字塔的。

　　They would have liked to have your help.=They would like to have had your help.=They wanted to have your help but they didn’t have it. 他們本想得到你幫助的。

　　(八)不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。不定式的被動(dòng)形式有兩種：

　　一般式：to be+過去分詞

　　完成式：to have been+過去分詞

　　例如：

　　You’re lucky to have been accepted . 你很幸運(yùn)已經(jīng)被接受了。

　　These criminals are to be hanged .  這些罪犯是將被絞死的。

　　We’re glad to have been invited.   受到邀請我們很高興。

　　What’s to be done next? 下一步做什么?

　　It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.   我很榮幸應(yīng)邀在這里講話。