二、 四六級(jí)英語(yǔ)寫作類型

1． 體裁：說(shuō)明文，議論文

　　最近幾年的四六級(jí)作文的體裁以說(shuō)明文和議論文為主。

　　說(shuō)明文如：How to Succeed in a Job Interview （2000，12，四級(jí)）, How I Finance My College Education（2000，1 四級(jí)）, Practice Makes Perfect， Haste Makes Waste（97，1 六級(jí)）

　　議論文如：Don't Hesitate to Say "NO"（99，1 四級(jí)和六級(jí)）, Can Money Buy Happiness（95，1 四級(jí)）, Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary？（2000，6 四級(jí)） Reading Selectively or Extensively? (99，6六級(jí))，Do "Lucky Numbers" Really Bring Good Luck? (98,6 四級(jí)和六級(jí))

2．段落類型：比較/對(duì)比，列舉，程序等

　　說(shuō)明和議論文章所采用的文章擴(kuò)展模式一般以比較/對(duì)照，舉例、列舉、因果、程序等者居多。如：
Don't Hesitate to Say "NO", Reading Selectively or Extensively等很多四六級(jí)寫作中都涉及到兩種觀點(diǎn)的對(duì)比，整體的段落類型為對(duì)照型。

　　Practice Makes Perfect, Harmfulness of Fake Commodities等可采用因果行的段落結(jié)構(gòu)模式，也可以采用舉例說(shuō)明的結(jié)構(gòu)模式。Advantages of a Job Interview則應(yīng)采用列舉的段落擴(kuò)展模式。

3． 出題方式：提綱式寫作，中文提綱，一般為三句或兩句；

　　如：99年1月分考題

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Don't Hesitate to Say "NO". You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.

1. 別人請(qǐng)求幫助時(shí)，在什么情況下我們會(huì)說(shuō)"不"。
2. 為什么有些人在該說(shuō)"不"的時(shí)候不說(shuō)"不"。
3. 該說(shuō)"不"時(shí)不說(shuō)"不"的壞處。

　　再如：98年一月分考題

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.

1. 目前社會(huì)上有不少假冒偽劣商品(fake commodities)。為什么會(huì)有這種現(xiàn)象？
2. 舉例說(shuō)明假冒偽劣商品對(duì)消費(fèi)者個(gè)人、社會(huì)等的危害。

三、 四六級(jí)英語(yǔ)寫作模式

　　文章由段落組成，四六級(jí)寫作的布局要求成三段式的寫作模式，這就體現(xiàn)了由段落到篇章的結(jié)構(gòu)模式。首先，我們來(lái)看一下英語(yǔ)段落的寫作要求。

1． 段落

　　英語(yǔ)中的段落由三部分組成，即主題句、支撐細(xì)節(jié)和結(jié)論句。篇章中的段落可以沒(méi)有結(jié)論句，但是一般應(yīng)該有主題句。寫作中要求

1）開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山提出主題

　　如下面一篇寫作：
　　題目："Good Health"提綱：

(1) Importance of good health(2) Ways to keep good health(3) My own practices寫作中可以將文章分成三段，但注意每段主題要明確，并且于第一句中提出：

　　Good health is very important to everyone. With it, we can study hard; we can serve the country; we can do everything as we like. Without good health, everybody knows, we will fail to do things; we can't work efficiently; we may stay in hospital we'll become a burden of our family, etc. In my opinion, there are two ways to keep fit. First, we must eat a balanced diet. This is to say, we must eat not only eggs, fish, and meat, but also some vegetables and fruit everyday. Besides eating, drinking clean water is also important. Never get addicted to drinking the so-called "soft drinks". Second, exercising is a vital part of our daily life. We can do some running in the morning and play football in the afternoon.

　　As a university student, I pay much attention to my physical exercises. I do some swimming in summer and some skating in winter. I often play badminton and tennis. I'm also careful with my diet. In a way, keeping healthy is not very hard if you just take it seriously.

2） 段落擴(kuò)展模式要適當(dāng)

　　英語(yǔ)文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)模式主要有：

（1）比較和對(duì)照

　　There are many differences between middle school and the college. First, in middle school, we have to listen to what the teacher says in class, to understand the content of the text. But in college, we must study by ourselves before class. If not, we couldn't follow the teacher. Second, there are lots of rules in middle school. For example, we should wear the uniform, the girls must have their hair cut short, and we are not allowed to make boy- or girlfriends. However, in college, we have more freedom. We can wear the clothes we like. And the girls could have long beautiful hair. We are also free to make boy or girlfriends. The third, in the middle school, we must study first. That means we could do nothing but study. In contrast, we have to do everything by ourselves in college. That means we must plan our time carefully. There are also other differences between our school life and our college life. We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college life.?

　　再如：

　　題目："Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports"提綱：

a. 體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的好處
b. 體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可能帶來(lái)的副作用
c. 我參加體育活動(dòng)的體會(huì)

　　Sports do us good in many respects (TS). It goes without saying that taking exercises can build up our physical strength. In collective sports like basketball, volleyball, or football, we will learn the importance of cooperation. While taking part in sports game, we will try our best to win and arouse ourselves the competitive spirit. Sports can also help us relax after a period of exhausting work. However, as the saying goes, "there are two sides to everything", and sports is without exception. We may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating in sports activities. What's more, excessive or severe training can do harm to our health.

　　My participation in sports tells me that sports can make us healthy both physically and psychologically. It is also a good way for people to know each other and can promote friendship between people. So long as we are carefully enough, sports can do us nothing but good.

　　就比較對(duì)照而言，段落格式可采用逐點(diǎn)比較(point-by-point method)的方式，也可采用塊狀比較(block method)的方式。

　　逐點(diǎn)比較的格式是

A 1 ---- B1；A2 --- B2 ；A3 --- B3塊狀比較的格式是：
A 1，2，3 ---- B1，2， 3上面第一例所采用的是逐點(diǎn)比較的結(jié)構(gòu)模式，而 第二例采用的卻是塊狀比較的方式。

⑵ 列舉

　　As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable litmus. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.再如：

　　題目：Advantages of a Job Interview (95.6)提綱：

1． 現(xiàn)在找工作一般都要面試，通過(guò)面試，面試者和應(yīng)試者可以相互了解情況。
2． 面試者可以想應(yīng)試者介紹情況，如工作性質(zhì)、條件、待遇等。
3． 應(yīng)試者也機(jī)會(huì)給對(duì)方留下一個(gè)好的印象，如可以表現(xiàn)出自信心，可以介紹教育北京、工作能力等。

　　Nowadays, when a person is hunting for a job, there will always be a job interview and I think the job interview has a lot of advantage. The interviewer and the interviewee can know about each other from it. First, the interviewer can tell something about the job to the interviewee such as the salary, the working conditions and something else that is relevant to the job. Then the interviewee can decide whether the job is really suitable for him. Second, I think the job interview is a good chance for the interviewee to show both his ability and confidence. Then the interviewer can figure out whether he is the right person for the job.

　　In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By an interview the interviewer can find a suitable person if both of them make the best of the job interview.

⑶ 因果

　　There are three reasons why some students cannot finish their college studies. Some students fail in college because their academic background is weak. For example, one student might not have had an adequate mathematics course in high school, so he fails his university math class. Another student may not attend classes regularly; as a result, he may not be able to pass the tests in class since he does not know the answers. Next, because of financial problems, other students may fail university classes. For example, students who have to take jobs don't have as much time to study; consequently, they may fail their classes. Others may give up their college study because they cannot stand the strain of working and studying at the same time. Finally, there are students who fail because their energies are not directed toward their classes. Some of these students are not interested in college, so they spend their days doing other things. Some other students, though enjoying college life, are distracted by other activities parties, movies, sports, etc. So they do not study enough, therefore, they fail. Because of all these problems, numerous students fail in college every year.

　　因果型段落只是將敘述重點(diǎn)集中在原因或結(jié)構(gòu)之上，文章所采用的擴(kuò)展模式還是列舉，列舉原因或結(jié)構(gòu)。但在介紹原因時(shí)，可以使用舉例的方式。

（4）舉例

　　舉例的最明顯標(biāo)志是for example/for instance的使用。就整篇文章而言，可以不是舉例型文章，但其中的某一段落可以采用舉例的結(jié)構(gòu)模式。如：

　　題目：Harmfulness of Fake Commodities (98．1)提綱：

1. 目前社會(huì)上有不少假冒偽劣商品，為什么會(huì)有這種現(xiàn)象？
2．舉例說(shuō)明假冒偽劣商品對(duì)消費(fèi)者個(gè)人、社會(huì)等的危害。

　　Nowadays in the society, there are enormous fake commodities. When you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities. When you go the parmacist's, you may buy some fake medicine. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in some one's greed for money. In order to get a large amount of money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other people's benefit and health. Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and society. For example, when a person bought fake medicine, it was useless in curing his disease and really a waster of money. Sometimes fake medicine can even cause death. Fake commodities are usually sold at a low price. It causes unfair competition in the market economy and puts the whole society in disorder.

　　由于四六級(jí)寫作一般都是說(shuō)明和議論文，很少有時(shí)間型段落布局和空間型結(jié)構(gòu)布局。這里也就不贅述。

2． 篇章

1) 篇章的組成

　　Introduction ---- Body ---- Conclusion如： The World is Getting Smaller and Smaller提綱：

1． 現(xiàn)代化的交通工具越來(lái)越發(fā)達(dá)
2． 人與人之間的交往越來(lái)越頻繁
3． 結(jié)論

　　More and more often we hear people say, "The world is getting smaller and smaller!" （首段提出主題）
The first reason for that is we are now having more and more advanced transportation. From bicycles to private cars, from steam locomotives to electric locomotives, from airplanes to rocket planes, the highly developed transportation has greatly shortened the distance which seemed too far to cover. Another reason is that in this modern society we need to contact frequently with each other. Every day we must deal with a lot of people known or unknown to us to have our work done, and the rapid development of traffic transportation makes our frequent contact possible. （中間論證主題）
So we can reach the conclusion that the world will get smaller and smaller with the development of our society.（結(jié)論重述主題）

　　由于四六級(jí)作為對(duì)布局的要求是三段式，同學(xué)們?cè)趯懽髦芯蛻?yīng)該注意這種三段式結(jié)構(gòu)，于第一段中引出話題，從而提出主題，中間用一段到兩段的篇幅采用舉例、列舉或比較的方式論證或說(shuō)明自己的觀點(diǎn)，于結(jié)論處或重述主題、或歸難總結(jié)照應(yīng)首段，或提出問(wèn)題的解決方式等。

　　同學(xué)們，本講我們就講到這里，從這一講我們了解到四六級(jí)寫作的基本要求，包括篇幅、字?jǐn)?shù)、行文、謀篇布局、結(jié)構(gòu)模式等，下一講我們將針對(duì)四六級(jí)寫作的特點(diǎn)介紹寫作應(yīng)對(duì)策略。

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