Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:��

　　Designing a lens can be compared to playing chess. In chess a player tries　to trap his opponent's king in a series of moves. In creating a lens a lens designer attempts to “trap” light by forcing all the rays arising from a single point in the subject to focus on a single point in the image, as a consequence of their passing through a series of transparent( 透明的) elements with precisely curved surfaces. Since in both cases the ultimate goal and the means by which it can be attained are known, one is tempted to think there will be a single best decision at any point along the way. The number of possible consequences flowing from any one decision is so large, however, as to bevirtually, if not actually, infinite. Therefore in lens design, as inchess, perfect solutions to a problem are beyond reach. Although this article will be concerned only with the design of photographic lenses, the same principles apply to all lenses.

　　The lens designer has one enormous advantage over the chess player: the designer is free to call on any available source of help to guide him through the staggering number of possibilities. Most of that help once came from mathematics and physics, but recently computer technology, information theory,chemistry, industrial engineering and psychophysics have all contributed to making the lens designer's job immeasurably more productive. Some of the lenses on the market today were inconceivable a decade ago. Others whose design is as much as a century old can now be mass��produced at low cost. With the development of automatic production methods, lenses are made by the millions, both out of glass and out of plastics. Today's lenses are better than the best lenses used by the great photographers of the past.Moreover, their price may lower, in spite of the fact that 19th��century craftsmen worked for only a few dollars a week and today's lenses are more complex. The lens designer cannot fail to be grateful for the science and technology that have made his work easier and his creations more widely available, but he is also humbled: it is no longer practical for a fine photographic lens to be designed from beginning to end by a single human mind.

　　�� 31.Lens design and chess playing are similar in that ____.

　　�� A) the final goal and the means by which it can be reached are known

　　�� B) perfect solutions to a problem can be found

　　�� C) any one decision at any point along the way to the goal can bring numerous possible results

　　�� D) both A and C

　　�� 32.The final goal of designing a lens is ____. ��

　　A) to trap the opponent's lenses ��

　　B) to focus light with lenses

　　�� C) to hand��make lenses at low cost

　　�� D) to reflect light by means of curved surfaces

　　�� 33.After the passage the author will talk about ____. ��

　　A) the principles of designing lenses ��

　　B) techniques of making contact lenses ��

　　C) the design of photographic lenses ��

　　D) styles of lenses

　　�� 34.Which of the following words cannot be used to describe today's lenses?

　　�� A) More delicate. �� B) Cheaper. C) Numerous. D) Unpopular. ��

　　35.Lens designers today ____.

　　�� A) have a large source of help to fall back on �� B) receive a low salary

　　�� C) are less respectable than those of the past �� D) are not decisive in the lens design

　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: ��

　　Part Ⅰ starts with a brief introductory chapter and then takes up Style and Organization, covering them in that order because skill or lack of skill in style affects all writing, while much technical writing is so short as to offer no problems of organization. These chapters are followed by one on Mechanics, covering matters of form that are peculiar to technical writing or else crop up in it with abnormal frequency.

　　��

　　The chapter on Special Problems, which follows, performs a dual function. It provides writing assignments that may be used while the study of style, organization, and mechanics is still under way, and it explains ways of handling certain problems that may arise during the writing of reports, proposals, and other longer forms. We have also expanded the treatment of technical articles — recognizing the potential contribution of article writing to the career of the writer and the value of the article to science and technology. ��

　　In Part Ⅱ, a change of emphasis at one point is reflected in the new title　for Chapter 8, Nonformal Reports — Their Variation in Form and Purpose, which was formerly called Special Types of Reports. Though certain special types of reports are still discussed, additional emphasis is given to the fact that there does not exist any universally accepted set of types, under　which all reports can be classified. ��

　　Two other extensive changes have been made in Part Ⅱ: The chapter on Proposals, which first appeared in the second edition, has been rewritten and substantially expanded so as to cover that important subject more thoroughly. Also, an entirely new chapter, Oral Presentation of Technical Information, has been added. Though a study of this chapter is no substitute for training in public speaking, we believe that its recommendations can nevertheless be of substantial assistance to those who use this book on the numerous occasions when they will be called upon to present their ideas in person before a small group or a large audience. ��

　　36.The passage is most probably a preface to ____. ��

　　A) a technical writing handbook �� B) a handbook on composition �� C) a book on a literary writing �� D) a scientific paper

　　�� 37.In part I, the writer arranges the chapters in the order of ____.

　　�� A) Introduction—Organization—Special Problems—Style—Nonformal Reports ��

　　B) Introduction—Style—Organization—Special Types of Reports—Mechanics ��

　　C) Introduction—Style—Organization—Mechanics—Special Problems ��

　　D) Introduction—Style—Proposals—Special Problems—Mechanics ��

　　38.You can find some writing exercises in ____. ��

　　A) the chapter on Organization �� B) the chapter on Style

　　�� C) the chapter on Special Problems �� D) the chapter on Proposals

　　�� 39.According to the passage, the chapter on Oral Presentation of Technical Information appears in ____ of the book. ��

　　A) Part Ⅰ of the first edition �� B) Part Ⅱ of the second edition �� C) Part Ⅰ of the second edition �� D) Part Ⅱ of the third edition

　　�� 40.Which of the following is not true of Part Ⅱ of the new edition? ��

　　A) There isn't the chapter on Special Types of Reports.

　　�� B) The chapter on Oral Presentation of Technical Information is rewritten and expanded. ��

　　C) The chapter on Proposals is a revised chapter. ��

　　D) There is a change of the title of Chapter 8.

　　Part Ⅲ Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes)

　　Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. ��

　　41.____ allow the vegetable to go bad, he sold them at half price. ��

　　A) More than B) Rather than C) Other than D) Better than

　　�� 42.Today, housework has been made much easier by electrical ____. ��

　　A) facilities��B) appliances C) instruments D) equipment ��

　　43.He ____ him what he asked. ��

　　A) denied �� B) refuted C) ignored D) deprived

　　�� 44.The book does not ____ children. ��

　　A) submit to B) appeal to C) confess to D) consent to

　　�� 45.We have every size of shoe in ____. ��

　　A) storing �� B) stock C) sale D) shop

　　�� 46.I ____ this man with receiving stolen goods. ��

　　A) accuse�� B) charge C) scold D) blame

　　�� 47.You've made a mistake—you've ____ the word. ��

　　A) left out B) left off C) left behind �� D) left for

　　�� 48.Scientists first ____ the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s. ��

　　A) competed B) conceived C) consumed ��D) concealed

　　�� 49.You may take an oral or written exam ____ what you prefer. ��

　　A) according as �� B) according to C) accordingly D) in accord

　　�� 50.The desks and seats can be ____ to the height of any child. ��

　　A) adopted B) shifted C) adjusted �� D) corrected

　　51.No further discussion ____ , the meeting was brought to a close. ��

　　A) arising�� B) raising C) arousing D) rising

　　�� 52. ____ , the British working class is better off today than it was a generation ago. ��

　　A) By and large �� B) In detail C) By no means D) By and by

　　�� 53.Every man has the right to live where he wants to, ____ the colour of his skin. ��

　　A) regardless of B) prior to C) in case of �� D) for the sake of

　　�� 54.The potato crop of 1946 was ____ that of 1945. ��

　　A) superior than �� B) superior to C) more superior to D) more superior than ��

　　55.Books are ____ to scholars. ��

　　A) indispensable B) indifferent C) bound to ��D) accustomed to

　　�� 56. ____ such a difficult task, we must redouble our efforts.

　　A) To face with �� B) We are facing C) Faced with D) Facing with

　　�� 57.Either of these young ladies ____ perfectly qualified to teach Greek, Latin and French. ��

　　A) were �� B) are C) is D) have been

　　�� 58.Your hair needed ____ I am glad you had it cut. ��

　　A) cut B) cutting C) to cut D) being cut

　　�� 59.Studying hard is more rewarding ____.

　　�� A) than to be lazy B) than being lazy C) than to be like a lazy person D) than it is to be lazy

　　�� 60.The Latin class had twenty students, ____ had had much better language training than I.

　　�� A) most of which B) which C) most of them D) most of whom

　　61.I wish that he ____ to the movies with me yesterday. ��

　　A) went B) could go C) was gone D) could have gone

　　�� 62. ____ , the more necessary it is to break it up into a number of parts which the reader can visualize.

　　�� A) The more complex a subject becomes �� B) The more becomes a subject complex �� C) A subject becomes the more complex �� D) The more subjects become essential ��

　　63.Close the door, ____ ? �� A) will you B) do you C) shall you D) don't you

　　�� 64. ____ at the railway station when it began to rain. ��

　　A) Hardly had he arrived B) Hardly he had arrived C) No sooner did he arrive ��D) No sooner arrived he ��

　　65.The storm ____ , they had to live in a cave.

　　�� A) has destroyed their hut �� B) to destroy their hut C) having destroyed their hut D) being destroyed

　　�� 66. ____ the number of paid holidays enjoyed by most employees in the company, three weeks of vacation seems generous.

　　�� A) Compared with B) Compared C) Comparing with ��D) Comparing

　　�� 67.It was going to be some time ____ he would see his father again. ��

　　A) since B) when C) until D) before

　　�� 68.He is younger than ____. ��

　　A) any other boy in the class ��

　　B) any boy in the class ��

　　C) all boys in the class

　　D) you and me as well as the class

　　�� 69.The establishment of the company shall start from the day ____the business license of the company is issued.

　　�� A) which B) on which C) in which D) whenever

　　70.You ____ me because I didn't say that.

　　�� A) must misunderstand B) must be misunderstanding C) must have misunderstood D) had to misunderstand ��

　　Part Ⅳ Translation from English into Chinese (15 minutes) Directions:

　　In this part, there are five items which you should translate into Chinese, each item consisting of one or two sentences. These sentences are all taken from the Reading Passages you have just read in the Reading Comprehension of the Test Paper. You can refer back to the passages so as to identify their meanings in the context.

　　�� 71. You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long, but instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly.(Passage 2, Para.2, the First Sentence)

　　�� 72. In creating a lens a lens designer attempts to “trap” light by forcing all the rays arising from a single point in the subject to focus on a single point in the image, as a consequence of their passing through a series of transparent (透明的) elements with precisely curved surfaces.(Passage 3, Para.1, the Third Sentence)

　　�� 73. The number of possible consequences flowing from any one decision is so large, however, as to be virtually, if not actually, infinite.(Passage 3, Para.1,the Fifth Sentence)

　　�� 74. We have also expanded the treatment of technical articles — recognizing the potential contribution of article writing to the career of the writer and the value of the article to science and technology.(Passage 4,Para.2,the Last Sentence)

　　�� 75.Though a study of this chapter is no substitute for training in public speaking, we believe that its recommendations can nevertheless be of substantial assistance to those who use this book on the numerous occasions when they will be called upon to present their ideas in person before a small group or a large audience.(Passage 4, Para.4,the Last Sentence) Part Ⅴ Writing (30 minutes)

　　Directions:In this section you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled “Lay��offs(下崗) in State��owned Enterprises”. The first sentence is given to you. Your composition should be no less than 100 words. Remember that the contents of the outline should be included in your composition. You should write your composition on the Answer Sheet. ��

　　Lay��offs in State��owned Enterprises ��

　　1. 下崗是改革的需要; ��

　　2. 下崗會帶來的問題;

　　3. 如何對待下崗所帶來的問題;

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