2013年12月英語四級考試(改革題型)預(yù)測試卷（四）

　　Section B

　　46、回答46-56題：

　　A) The effect of television on children has been debated ever since the first sets were turned on. Nowthree new studies find that too much tube time can lower test scores, retard learning and even predict college performance. The reports appear in the July issue of the Archives of Pediatrics & Ado-lescent Medicine.

　　B) In the first report, researchers studied the effect that having a TV in a child's bedroom can have onthird graders. "We looked at the household media environment in relation to academic achievementon mathematics, reading and language arts tests," said study author Dina L.G. Borzekowski, an as-sistant professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

　　C) Borzekowski and her colleague, Dr. Thomas Robinson of Stanford University, collected data on386 third graders and their parents about how much TV the children watched, the number of TVsets, computers and video game consoles in the household and where they were. They also collecteddata on how much time the children spent using the different media, as well as the time spent doinghomework and reading. The researchers found that the media in the household, where it is and howit is used can have a profound effect on learning. "We found that the household media environmenthas a very close association with performance on the different test scores," Borzekowski said.

　　D) "A child who has a TV in his or her bedroom is likely to have a score that is eight points lower ona mathematics test compared to a child who doesn't have a TV in the bedroom," she noted. Thesechildren also scored lower on the reading and language arts tests. However, children who have ac-cess to a home computer are likely to have higher scores on each of the tests compared with chil-dren who don't have access to a home computer, Borzekowski noted.

　　E) The reasons why TV has this negative effect are not clear, Borzekowski said. "When there's TVin the bedroom, parents are less likely to have control over the content and the amount watched,"Borzekowski said. "They are also unable to know how early or how late the set is on. This seemsto be associated with kids' performance on academic tests." Borzekowski believes that content andthe time the TV is on may be the primary reasons for its negative effect. "If the TV is in the familyroom, then parents can see the content of what children are watching," she said. "Parents can chooseto sit alongside and watch, or turn the set off. A simple and straightforward, positive parenting strat-egy is to keep the TV out of the child's bedroom, or remove it if it's already there."

　　F) In the second report, Dr. Robert J. Hancox from the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand,and colleagues found, regardless of your intelligence or social background, if you watch a lot of TVduring childhood, you are a lot less likely to have a college degree by your mid-20s. In their study,the researchers followed 1,037 people born in 1972 and 1973. Every two years, between the ages of5 and 15, they were asked how much television they watched. The researchers found that those whowatched the most television during these years had earned fewer degrees by the time they were 26."We found that the more television the child had watched, the more likely they were to leave schoolwithout any qualifications," Hancox said in a prepared statement. "Those who watched little televi-sion had the best chance of going on to university and earning a degree."

　　G) Hancox's team found that watching TV at an early age had the most effect on graduating from col-lege. "An interesting finding was that although teenage viewing was strongly linked to leavingschool without any qualifications, it was earlier childhood viewing that had the greatest impact ongetting a degree," he said. "This suggests that excessive television in younger children has a long-lasting adverse effect on educational performance."

　　H) In the third paper, Frederick J. Zimmerman and Dr. Dimitri A. Christakis from the University of Washington report that, for very young children, watching TV can result in lower test scores inmathematics, reading recognition and reading comprehension. "We looked at how much televisionchildren watched before age 3 and then at ages 3 to 5," Zimmerman said. "We found that for chil-dren who watched a small amount of TV in the earlier years, there was co nsiderable beneficial ef-fect compared to children who watched a lot of TV."

　　I) For children aged 3 to 5, the effect was not as clear, Zimmerman said. "There were some beneficialeffects of watching TV on reading, but no beneficial effects for math or vocabulary," he noted. "Theworst pattern was to watch more than three hours of TV before age 3. Those kids had a significantdisadvantage compared to the other kids." Parents should follow the American Academy of Pediat-rics recommendation, which is no TV for children under 2, Zimmerman said. "Personally, I feel thecutoff should be children under 3, because there is just not any good content for children under 3."

　　J) One expert believes that TV can have both positive and negative effects, but it all depends on whatchildren are watching. "Content matters," said Deborah L. Linebarger, an assistant professor at theUniversity of Pennsylvania, who co-authored an accompanying editorial. "Educational content hasbeen found to be related to performance on school readiness tests, higher grades when they are teen-agers, whereas, non-educational content tends to be associated with lower academic performance."

　　K) Another expert agrees. "TV watching takes up space that could be used by more useful things," saidDr. Christopher P. Lucas, a clinical coordinator at the Early Childhood Evaluation and TreatmentProgram at the New York University Child Study Center. "TV is not necessarily toxic, but is some-thing that has to be done in moderation; something that balances the other needs of the child forhealthy development."

　　L) Lucas puts the responsibility for how much TV kids watch and what they watch squarely on par-ents. "The amount of TV watching certainly has a link with the reduced amount of time reading ordoing homework," he said. "The key is the amount of control parents have in limiting the amount ofaccess. Get the TV out of the bedroom; be aware of what is being watched; limit the amount of TVwatching."

　　According to Borzekowski, children having chances to use a family computer are likely to acquire better results on the different tests.

　　47、The reports issued in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescents Medicine find that watching too much TV leads to poor performance in school.

　　48、Watching more than three hours of TV before age 3 has bad effect on kids.

　　49、According to the second report, the chance for one to acquire a college degree depends on the amount of his TV watching during childhood.

　　50、In Deborah L. Lingbarger's opinion, educational content is helpful for teenagers to get better results on school readiness tests.

　　51、The environment of family media greatly affects children's test scores according to the first report.

　　52、Borzekowski believes that TV's negative effect on children's marks may mainly lie in what children watch on TV and how much time they spend on it.

　　53、Lucas thinks parents should take the responsibility to supervise kids' TV watching.

　　54、According to the recommendation from American Academy of Pediatrics, children under 2 should watch no TV.

　　55、Hancox thinks earlier childhood TV watching affects one's acquiring a college degree most.

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