Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective wellbeings of a social groups members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit（阻礙） attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
62. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A） The problems faced by leaders.
B） How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C） How social groups determine who will lead them.
D） The role of leaders in social groups.
63. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT .
A） recruitment
B） formal election process
C） specific leadership training
D） traditional cultural patterns
64. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A） person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
B） Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C） A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D） Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
65. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 7, the author is making the point that .
A） few people qualify as “natural leaders”
B） there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist
C） “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group
D） “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
66. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on .
A） ensuring harmonious relationships
B） sharing responsibility with group members
C） identifying new leaders
D） achieving a goal
Part Ⅴ Error Correction
Direction:This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in thecorresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark （∧） in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash （/） in the blank.
When we speak of a human need, we mean something
which is unnecessary to life, something we can live with. 67
Food is a human need. We will starve to death if there 68
were no food on earth; but even if we have plenty of food,
but of the wrong kind, our bodies will have problem from
lack of the right food. This is known for malnutrition（營 69養(yǎng)不良）.
In countries where are not developed, man's food 70
needs are the same like in the most advanced societies. We 71
all need food and could live a good life on very few types of
food. People in very developed countries eat only the kinds 72
of food which can be grown near their homes, whereas
people in developed countries eat foods which are often
grown many thousands of miles away form their homes.
People in undeveloped countries are happy with less
different kinds of foods than people in very developed ones
are, so we can say that despite the needs of the two kinds 73
of people are the same, their wants are different. People in
very developed countries eat many different types of
meat—they could live by only one, but they would be very 74
unhappy because every time what they ate was the same.
Even such special foods like chicken would be less fun to 75
eat if you had them every day. But we can't just live on
meat—we need other kinds of food like bread, rice, and
vegetables which are no more necessary to our bodies. 76
Part ⅥTranslation （5 minutes）
Direction:Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
提示:在實(shí)考試卷中，該試題在答題卡2上。
77. Jinling Hotel, where I stayed during my first visit to Nanjing, （座落在）on Hanzhong Road.
78. I am sure we can solve the problem if we all （集思廣益）.
79. Mary constantly （挑剔） her husband, which annoys him.
80. It is no good waiting for the bus, （我們不妨走回家吧）.
81. Prices are going up rapidly. Petrol now （現(xiàn)在汽油的價(jià)格是幾年前的兩倍）.
答案與解析
Part ⅠWriting
Dear Lawrence,
It has been five years since we met each other last time. How time flies! How are things with you? The happy time we spent together is always on my mind and I really hope to meet you again. As you know, Spring Festival, Lunar New Year, is the most favorable holiday for us Chinese. With its colorful and rich traditions, it is celebrated almost in every part of China. Everyone is indulged in the dominant atmosphere of joyous family reunion and with the fresh and vigorous look people greet the New Year.
The celebrations vary from place to place, but there are three traditions that have never differed throughout the country. First, the New Year's Eve dinner is a symbol of family reunion, with all family members sitting around the steaming table, tasting a variety of delicious food and wishing each other health, success and happiness. Second, people, during the holidays, will visit each other to express their best regards and wishes. And finally, we can enjoy the marvelous lion and dragon dances symbolizing happiness, good fortune and prosperity.
The day is drawing nearer, my families and I sincerely invite you to join us for this year's Spring Festival. If you'd like to, we can make further arrangements. Looking forward to your reply!
Yours,
Yuan Chao
Part ⅡReading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning）
1. N.該句句意為:美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局確切知道計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪造成了多大損失。本題解題依據(jù)為本文第二段 “Even the FBI,which attempts…is involved”，該句大意為:盡管FBI致力于對各種犯罪的上升和下降有清晰認(rèn)識(shí)，但并不能精確說明損失多大，所以與原文之意不合。
2. Y. 該句句意為:計(jì)算機(jī)擁有者很容易利用大量計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫，本題解題依據(jù)為第二段最后一段話“…the easy access of microcomputers to huge mainframe data bases.”與原文之義吻合。
3. Y. 該句句意為: 本文第三段暗示大多數(shù)利用計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪者是相關(guān)公司雇員。本題解題依據(jù)為文章第三段最后一句話，其大意為: 現(xiàn)實(shí)情況表明很可能是該公司雇員內(nèi)部人…,與原文所述之義吻合。
4. N. 該句句意為: 許多公司不舉報(bào)計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪是因?yàn)榉稍V訟通�；ㄙM(fèi)很多錢。解題依據(jù)為本文第九段第一和第二句話，他們不舉報(bào)是害怕公眾發(fā)現(xiàn)其計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的弱點(diǎn)而對其喪失信心。據(jù)此可確定與原文所述不符。
5. N. 該句句意為: 當(dāng)計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪在滿是人的房間里發(fā)生時(shí)，通常有很多證人指證犯罪。本題解題依據(jù)為本文第六段第一句話，該句大意為:即使計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪發(fā)生在滿是人的房間里，通常也無證人。據(jù)此可知該句所述之義與原文不符。
6. Y. 該句句意為:本篇文章主要是關(guān)于計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪的增長及與之作斗爭的困難性，通覽全文，尤其根據(jù)小標(biāo)題的提示,我們不難看出文章主要論述了計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪與日俱增及難于發(fā)覺和阻止諸方面的原因，即文章的中心思想，與原文所述主旨吻合。
7. NG.該句句意為:計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪上升是因?yàn)橛懈啾阋说挠?jì)算機(jī)。本文第二段用a，b，c列出了計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪增加的三大原因，其中并未提及計(jì)算機(jī)便宜這一點(diǎn)。
8. twelve 答案依據(jù)為第二段第一句話。
9. an example “…be cited as an example”,表示“引用…來作為一個(gè)例證”答案依據(jù)為文章最后一段第二句話。但原文沒有直接照抄的語言，只能根據(jù)理解完成此空。
10. customer trust 答案依據(jù)為本文第九段最后一句話。
Part ⅢListening Comprehension
Section A
11. A12. B13. B14. B15. B 16. B17. D18. C19. D20. D
21. C22. A23. B24. D25. B
Section B
26. D27. B28. C29. D30. A 31.B32. B33. A34. D35. B
Section C
36~46題答案見聽力文字稿
Part ⅣReading Comprehension （Reading in Depth）
Section A
47. Dfeel是一個(gè)系動(dòng)詞，可以判斷此處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)形容詞，通過上下文意思，以及后面介詞about, 可以確定選項(xiàng)為D項(xiàng)guilty, 短語feel guilty about sth. “對…感到有愧”。全句的意思為“我們很愛吃，但是往往在吃完之后又有負(fù)罪感”。
48. Mbe obsessed with 為固定搭配，原意為“被…附上/纏住/迷住心竅”，放在本句表示“十分重視”。全句的意思為“我們很關(guān)心健康和減肥，但肥胖卻又空前地在蔓延”。
49. A本句缺一個(gè)名詞作主語，并且根據(jù)和介詞to的搭配，可以推斷出正確選項(xiàng)answer.
50. I 本句根據(jù)more和ways可以判斷出需要填入一個(gè)形容詞構(gòu)成比較級(jí)，根據(jù)上下文，表示“旨在禁止酗酒的禁酒令，卻激發(fā)了更多新奇的方法來酗酒”，可以確定I為正確選項(xiàng)。
51. F本題較難。根據(jù)be 和by 確定應(yīng)填入一個(gè)過去分詞。再根據(jù)上下文，上文表示“應(yīng)該吃典型的美國人吃的食物”，下文通過 but 轉(zhuǎn)折，表示實(shí)際上“美國的食物已經(jīng)被諸如比薩和熱狗這樣的舶來品所詮釋了”，因此可以確定F為正確選項(xiàng)。
53. L由于橫線后面沒有賓語，可以確定不是形成bring的短語，這樣本句所缺的為一名詞，做bring的賓語。根據(jù)下文解釋，“美國人對他們所吃的食物的態(tài)度是矛盾的”，可以推出本句意義為“堅(jiān)定的觀點(diǎn)也不是確定不變的”。因此可以確定L為正確選項(xiàng)。
54. K系動(dòng)詞become后應(yīng)填入一個(gè)形容詞，和后面介詞of形成短語be/become suspicious of “對…感到懷疑”。
55. J本句缺一個(gè)名詞作主語，并且根據(jù)和介詞in的搭配，可以推斷出正確選項(xiàng)belief，“（have）belief in sth.” 相信…。
56. C本句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，缺一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，且和with 搭配，確定選項(xiàng)share,“share sth with sb, 與某人分享某事”。
Section B
57. B主旨題。本文三段內(nèi)容均圍繞短缺原料的價(jià)值進(jìn)行說明。文章第一段說明了什么叫原料相對短缺，第二段說明了什么叫機(jī)會(huì)成本，第三段說明了原料的價(jià)格是由什么決定的。
58. C細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。第二段中“Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else.”說明機(jī)會(huì)成本是用可生產(chǎn)的其他商品來衡量的，選項(xiàng)C正好符合該意思。
59. D細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。第一段“Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.”說明社會(huì)總資源是有限的，用掉其中一些就會(huì)使總量減少并限制其他商品的生產(chǎn)。
60. A細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。文章第三段“In a market economy the price of a good and the quantity supplied depends on the cost of making it”（市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，商品的價(jià)格和產(chǎn)量取決于其成本）,然后又說 “The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them.”以鞋子為例說明商品價(jià)格是由生產(chǎn)要求決定的。
61. C推斷題。文主要闡述了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)里面的一個(gè)重要概念——“機(jī)會(huì)成本”，是講商品生產(chǎn)和社會(huì)資源之間的關(guān)系。A、B、D均未涉及到生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域，只有C符合本文的主旨。
62. D主旨題。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders）在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能。所以D為正確答案。A、B、C選項(xiàng)都不能正確概括本文主旨。
63. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。A選項(xiàng)的招募（recruitment）和B選項(xiàng)選舉程序（election process）都在第一段中作為大群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者產(chǎn)生的方式被明確提到。D選項(xiàng)也在第一段中作為家庭領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的產(chǎn)生的方式被明確提到。只有C選項(xiàng)沒有作為產(chǎn)生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的一種方式在本文中被提及。
64. A推論題。A選項(xiàng)意思是:某一特定群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。這正好與第二段的意思相吻合，即領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者沒有一個(gè)固定的特點(diǎn)，只是符合了一個(gè)特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（It seems…virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group）。B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)的意思與本文無關(guān)。D選項(xiàng)意為:許多人想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，但卻很少能拿出證據(jù)來證明他們具有這樣的資格。顯然是對文章意思的曲解。
65. B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第二段中“…decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of 'natural leaders'”意思是說數(shù)十年來的研究并不能找出可靠證據(jù)來證明那些人可以成為“天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”，與B項(xiàng)意思一致。
66. D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第三、四段主要講了兩種類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的區(qū)別。其中instrumental leader側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，而expressive leader相對于前者并不側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，而是注重為群體成員提供情感支持，并盡力減少內(nèi)部紛爭。（Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.）
Part ⅤError Correction
67. 本題考查上下文語義關(guān)系，unnecessary 改為necessary .本句句意為:我們所談及的人的需要，是指我們生活中必不可少的東西。據(jù)此，應(yīng)用肯定意義的necessary.
68. 本題考查虛擬語氣用法, will改為would.根據(jù)英語語法，與一般現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，條件句用一般過去時(shí)，主句用would加動(dòng)詞原形。
69. 本題考查搭配關(guān)系, for改為 as.“be known as，被認(rèn)為是…”， “be known for，因…而眾所周知”。根據(jù)題意，應(yīng)是be known as,即“這被稱為營養(yǎng)不良”。
70. 本題考查定語從句的關(guān)系詞，where改為which/that.此處引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞在定語從句里必須充當(dāng)主語，而where 在定語從句里作地點(diǎn)狀語，沒有作主語的功能，因此，where改為which或that.
71. 本題考查固定搭配，like改為as.“the same as…，與…同樣的”，為固定搭配。
72. 本題考查上下文語義關(guān)系，developed改為undeveloped.考生做此題時(shí)要有全局意識(shí)。本句與下句是發(fā)達(dá)國家和不發(fā)達(dá)國家的兩個(gè)對比。本句中whereas引出轉(zhuǎn)折，前部分指“欠發(fā)達(dá)國家的人們只食用在其家園附近種植的食物”，而后部分指“發(fā)達(dá)國家的人們吃的是距其家好幾千英里之外生長的食物”。之所以改成undeveloped 而不是underdeveloped是因?yàn)橄戮渲幸渤霈F(xiàn)了undeveloped, 作為提示。
73. 本題考查介詞用法，despite改為although/though.despite是介詞，不能引導(dǎo)句子，如要引導(dǎo)，必須改成 “despite the fact that…, ”。比較簡潔的方法是把despite改為although或though.
74. 本題考查習(xí)慣用法，by改為on.“l(fā)ive on （sth.）, 繼續(xù)生活, 以…為主食, 靠…生活”�！發(fā)ive by （doing sth.），以…為生”。本句意思為:他們可以只吃一種肉。并且下文再次出現(xiàn)live on作為提示。
75. 本題考查固定搭配，like改為as.such as 為固定搭配。
76. 本題考查上下文語義關(guān)系，more改為less“no more necessary,表示否定，”不重要多少“； ”no less necessary“是雙重否定表示肯定，”同樣必要“。
Part ⅥTranslation
77. is situated
78. put our heads together
79. finds fault with
80. we may/might as well walk home
81. petrol now is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.
4 考試
