初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：動(dòng)詞不定式的10大考點(diǎn)例析

　　動(dòng)詞不定式是初中英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)之一，也是每年中考英語(yǔ)試題的考點(diǎn)之一。它是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語(yǔ)形式，沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，不能單獨(dú)作句子的謂語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成形式為＂to+動(dòng)詞原形＂，to為動(dòng)詞不定式的符號(hào)，本身無(wú)意義。動(dòng)詞不定式具有兩大特點(diǎn)：

　　1.具有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，因此，后面可以跟表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。

　　2.具有名詞、形容詞或副詞的特點(diǎn)，可以在句子中用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)及同位語(yǔ)等。下面以近幾年全國(guó)部分省市的中考英語(yǔ)試題為例，對(duì)不定式的難點(diǎn)以及它在中考英語(yǔ)中的考查點(diǎn)，作一簡(jiǎn)要的總結(jié)和分析，供同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)參考。

　　一、動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)

　　1. It‘s our duty _________ the room every day.

　　A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans(甘肅省)

　　2. It‘s hard for us _________ English well.

　　A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning(江西省)

　　3.建造這座立交橋?qū)⒒ㄙM(fèi)工人們一年多的時(shí)間。

　　It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.(北京市海淀區(qū))

　　4. It‘s very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup.

　　A. for， of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to(安徽省)

　　Keys： 1. A 2. C 3. take， to， build 4. B

　�。酆�(jiǎn)析］動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以直接放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面的主語(yǔ)位置，也可以用先行詞it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正的主語(yǔ)(不定式)置于后面。常見(jiàn)的句式有：(1)It is +形容詞(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +名詞(for sb)to do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is +形容詞(for sb)to do sth.句式(1)中常用nice， kind， clever， good， right， wrong， foolish， careless等形容詞，與介詞of搭配，這些形容詞常表述不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的屬性或性質(zhì)；句式(4)中常用hard， difficult， easy， important等形容詞，與介詞for搭配，表示不定式表示的動(dòng)作、行為的性質(zhì)。

　　二、動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)

　　1. He wants ______ some vegetables.

　　A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys (山西省)

　　2. Don‘t forget ______ your homework with you when you come to school.

　　A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking (福建省)

　　3. He found it very difficult ______.

　　A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep (湖南省)

　　Keys： 1. C 2. A 3. D

　�。酆�(jiǎn)析］在want， like， agree， hope， wish， learn， begin， start， seem， decide， hate， choose， forget， remember等動(dòng)詞后面，可以接不定式作賓語(yǔ)。如果其后接形容詞補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，則可以用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把作真正賓語(yǔ)的不定式放到后面。

　　三、動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

　　1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.

　　A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with (江蘇省)

　　2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.

　　A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肅省)

　　Key： 1. B 2. C

　　［簡(jiǎn)析］不定式可以用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。后面可以接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask， teach， expect， tell， allow等。

　　四、動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)

　　1. She went ______ her teacher.

　　A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing (江西省)

　　2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best ______ English well.

　　A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns (四川省)

　　Key： 1. A 2. C

　�。酆�(jiǎn)析］go， come， try， do / try one‘s best等動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后常�？梢越硬欢ㄊ阶髂康臓钫Z(yǔ)。

　　3. I‘m sorry ______ that.

　　A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear (河北省)

　　4. I‘m sorry ______ you.

　　A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled (吉林省)

　　5. My mother was very glad ______ her old friend.

　　A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets (甘肅省)

　　Keys： 3. D 4. B 5. A

　�。酆�(jiǎn)析］＂be +形容詞+ to do sth＂結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式作狀語(yǔ)，常表示原因或方式。

　　6. The panda is so fat that it can‘t go through the hole.(改為意思相同的句子)

　　The hole ______ ______ ______ ______ such a fat panda to go through. (廣東省)

　　7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn‘t skate on it. (改為意思相同的句子)

　　The ice on the lake wasn‘t ______ enough ______ people ______ ______ ______. (廣東省)

　　Keys： 6. is， too， small， for 7. thick， for， to， skate， on

　　［簡(jiǎn)析］在上述＂too +形容詞/副詞(for sb)to do…＂(太……而不能……)和＂enough (for sb) to do…＂(足以、足夠……做……)結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。

　　五、動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)

　　1. Would you like something ______?

　　A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks (湖北省)

　　2. I have a lot of homework ______.

　　A. do B. doing C. did D. to do (河南省)

　　3. He is not an easy man ______.

　　A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (山東省)

　　Key： 1. C 2. D 3. D

　　［簡(jiǎn)析］不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，常放在被修飾的詞語(yǔ)之后，與被修飾的詞語(yǔ)為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；如果不定式的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后要加上必要的介詞或副詞，構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞。

　　六、不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式

　　1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs.

　　A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered (河南省)

　　2. So much work usually makes them ______ very tired.

　　A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel (吉林省)

　　3. Your father is sleeping. You‘d better ______.

　　A. not wake up him B. not to wake up him

　　C. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (陜西省)

　　4. I was made ______ my homework in the afternoon.

　　A. do B. doing C. to do D. did (貴州省)

　　Key： 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C

　　［簡(jiǎn)析］1.在see， watch， hear， feel等感官動(dòng)詞和make， have， let等使役動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式不帶to.但是在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式要帶to(let沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))。2.在＂had better＂后面接不帶to的不定式。

　　七、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式

　　1. Mr Black asked the man ________ the queue.

　　A. not to jump B. to not jump　C. didn‘t jump D. not jump (廣西壯族自治區(qū))

　　2. The old man told the child ______ noisy.

　　A. not be B. not to be C. to not be D. be not (湖北省)

　　3. There is going to ______ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try ______ late.

　　A. have， not to be B. have， not be

　　C. be， not to be D. be， not be (內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū))

　　Key： 1. A 2. B 3. C

　�。酆�(jiǎn)析］動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符號(hào)to的前面加上not，如果是不帶to的不定式就直接在動(dòng)詞原形前面加上not.

　　八、某些動(dòng)詞后面接不定式和接動(dòng)詞-ing形式的區(qū)別

　　1. Please stop ______ a rest if you feel tired.

　　A. to have B. having C. have D. has (廣西壯族自治區(qū))

　　2. Why didn‘t you buy some bread on your way home?

　　Sorry, I forgot ______ some money with me.

　　A. take B. taking C. to take D. took (湖北省)

　　3. Let‘s have a rest, shall we?

　　Not now, I can‘t stop ______ the letters.

　　A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write (湖北省)

　　4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop ______ (walk). (用所給單詞的正確形式填空)(四川省)

　　Key： 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking

　　［簡(jiǎn)析］一些常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞后面接不定式和接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式的區(qū)別＂stop to do sth＂意為＂停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事＂，＂stop doing sth＂意為＂停止正在做的事＂：＂remember to do sth＂意為＂記住去做某事＂(事還未做)，＂remember doing sth＂意為＂記得做過(guò)某事＂(事已做)：＂go on to do sth＂意為＂接著做某事＂(做完一事，接著做另一事)，＂go on doing sth＂意為＂繼續(xù)做某事＂(一事未做完接著往下做)：＂forget to do sth＂意為＂忘了做某事＂(事還未做)，＂forget doing sth＂意為＂忘了曾做過(guò)某事＂(事已做)。

　　5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane ______ over my head.

　　A. flies B. flying C. flew D. to fly (福建省)

　　6. A woman saw it ______ when she was walking past.

　　A. happen B. happens C. happening D. to happen (黑龍江省)

　　Key： 5. B 6. A

　�。酆�(jiǎn)析］在see， hear， watch， feel等感官動(dòng)詞后面可接不帶to的不定式，也可接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，用不定式表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程(動(dòng)作已結(jié)束)，用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行(動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束)。

　　九、動(dòng)詞不定式的省略及其符號(hào)to的保留

　　1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us?

　　Yes, ______. What time are we going to meet?

　　A. I would B. I would like C. I like to D. I‘d like to (浙江省)

　　2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us?

　　______. What time are we going to meet?

　　A. No, I can‘t B. Yes, I‘m glad　C. Yes, I‘d love to D. I‘d like (大連市)

　　Keys： 1. D 2. C

　�。酆�(jiǎn)析］在口語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞不定式中的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在上下文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式可以省略，但是to不可省略。這種用法常見(jiàn)于＂be glad to＂，＂would like (love) to＂，＂have to＂等結(jié)構(gòu)中。

　　十、動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式和其他形式

　　The new hospital ______ is near the factory.

　　A. build B. builds C. to build D. to be built (青海省)

　　Key： D

　�。酆�(jiǎn)析］當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者(賓語(yǔ))時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式，即：to be +過(guò)去分詞；如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前，不定式用完成式，即：to have +過(guò)去分詞；如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，用不定式的進(jìn)行式，即：to be +現(xiàn)在分詞