男人很危險

1、Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.

做男人總是充滿危險，出生時男女比例大約是105:100，但到了成熟期，這一比例幾乎持平，而在70歲的老人中女性是男性的兩倍，但是男性死亡率普遍偏高這種情況正在改變，現(xiàn)在男嬰存活率幾乎同女嬰一樣高。這就意味著男孩到了尋找伴侶的關(guān)鍵年齡將首次出現(xiàn)男孩過�，F(xiàn)象。更重要的是，又一次自然選擇的機會不復存在了。50年前，嬰兒（尤其是男嬰）存活的機會取決于體重，過輕或過重幾乎意味著必死無疑。今日體重幾乎不起什么作用，因為大部分差異是由基因引起的，又一個進化的因素消失了。

2、There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.

進化自殺還有另一種方法：存活，但少生孩子。現(xiàn)在沒有幾個人像過去那樣具有旺盛的生育力。除了在一些宗教社區(qū)之外，沒有幾名婦女有15個孩子。當今嬰兒出生的數(shù)量同死亡年齡一樣已趨于平均化，我們多數(shù)人的子女數(shù)量大致相同。人與人之間的差異和利用差異進行自然選擇的機會再一次減少。印度可以說明正在發(fā)生的一切。這個國家給大城市里的少數(shù)人提供財富，而給其余的各部落民族以貧困。今天這種極其顯著的平均化——每個人的生存機會和子女數(shù)量都相同——意味著與部落相比較，自然選擇在印度中、上層已經(jīng)失去了80％的效力。

3、For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years — even the past 100 years — our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.

對我們來說，這意味著進化已經(jīng)結(jié)束；生物學上的烏托邦已經(jīng)降臨。奇怪的是，這一過程幾乎絲毫沒有牽涉到身體上的變化，沒有其他物種充斥著自然中如此多的空間。但在過去的10萬年——甚至過去的100年中，我們的生活發(fā)生了變化，但我們的身體卻沒變。我們沒有進化。因為機器和社會替我們辦了這一切。達爾文有一句話描述那些對進化一無所知的人，他們“看有機的生命如同野人看船，好像看某種完全不能理解的東西”。毫無疑問，我們將記住20世紀的生活方式，盡管對其丑陋之處不得其解，但是，不管我們的子孫后代對我們離烏托邦的理想境界還差多遠感到有多么驚訝，他們的樣子會同我們差不了多少。

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