十五、復(fù)合句——副詞性(狀語)從句

　　副詞在句中起狀語作用，故如果起狀語作用的部分為一個(gè)句子，那么該句便是副詞性從句，也稱狀語從句。狀語從句可細(xì)分為：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、比較、方式等。

　　狀語從句的測試重點(diǎn)為：考查考生對主從句之間邏輯意義關(guān)系的把握，看其是否能選擇正確的從屬連詞。

　　對于常見的狀語從句和從屬連詞的常規(guī)用法，本書不想贅述，只談?wù)劤Ｒ姀膶龠B

　　詞的特殊用法并提醒考生應(yīng)注意的地方。

　　1.條件狀語從句的�？贾�識點(diǎn)

　　(1)if與unless的用法。

　　if和unless都是引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞，考生應(yīng)尤其注意unless的用法，因?yàn)樗�表示反面條件，相當(dāng)于if not“如果不”、“除非”。如：

　　Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels, the cars won’t catch on in a big way unless drivers can fill them up at the gas station.

　　In debating, one must correct the opponent’s facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, if relevant, is sufficient.

　　(2)復(fù)合連詞as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that;動詞及分詞provided(that)，providing(that)，given that, suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。如：

　　If left alone by humans, they (the forests) can regenerate, as long as there are seed trees in the neighborhood and the soil has not lost all its nutrients.

　　You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.

　　Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.

　　In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her.(如果……)

　　You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.(如果……)

　　Suppose it rained, we would still go.(假如……)

　　Say it were true, what would you do about it? (假如……)

　　(3)祈使句表示條件。如：

　　Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.

　　Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.

　　Hurry up, or the tickets will have been sold out by the time we get there.

　　2.讓步狀語從句的�？贾�識點(diǎn)

　　(1)as 引導(dǎo)讓步從句，要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分置于句首。如：

　　Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.

　　Tired as he was, we decided to disturb him.

　　Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.

　　(2)while引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:

　　Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.

　　While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.

　　(3)復(fù)合連接詞for all that和分詞granting/granted(that)引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:

　　Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.

　　For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.

　　3.時(shí)間狀語從句的�？贾�識點(diǎn)

　　(1)before表示漢語的 “只有/必須……才能”。如:

　　Electronics must be programmed before they can work.必須為計(jì)算機(jī)編好程序它才能工作。

　　New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.有時(shí)候新的思想必須等待多年以后才能被人們完全接受。

　　(2)when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句時(shí)，如果出現(xiàn)在后半句，則表示“這/那時(shí)突然”。如：

　　He was almost hurt when the bus came to a sudden stop.(1991年6月四級考題)

　　I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.

　　(3)when it comes to 是習(xí)慣用法，意為“當(dāng)談到……時(shí)”。如：

　　Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.

　　(4)名詞短語、介詞短語each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起連詞作用。如:

　　I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.

　　If individuals are awakened each time they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.

　　My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”

　　Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.

　　(5)副詞directly, immediately, instantly, now引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句, 相當(dāng)于as soon as。如:

　　The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.

　　4.原因狀語從句的�？贾�識點(diǎn)

　　(1)in that引導(dǎo)原因從句時(shí),有時(shí)翻譯成“是因?yàn)椤�、“就在于”。�?

　　Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.

　　Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.

　　(2)now that表示 “既然” ; seeing that, considering表示“鑒于”、“考慮到”。如:

　　Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.

　　He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.

　　Seeing she is lawfully enough to get married, I don’t think how you can stop her.

　　其他引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連接詞語還有: for the (simple) reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。

　　5.while, whereas 引導(dǎo)對比從句

　　如:

　　While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past dec

　　ade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.

　　A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.

　　6.so…that…, with the result that, so much so that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句

　　如:

　　Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to that it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.

　　Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.

　　He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.

　　7.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虛擬語氣) 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句

　　如:

　　Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.

　　Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.

　　8.where作為連接副詞的一種用法, 翻譯為“在……地方”

　　如:

　　In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.

　　Where the Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator, the trade wind causes a flow of water to the west.

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