十四、復(fù)合句——名詞性從句
一個(gè)句子起名詞的作用,在句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)/介詞賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ),那么這個(gè)句子就是名詞性從句。
1.what/whatever的用法
考生應(yīng)把握:what是關(guān)系代詞,它起著引導(dǎo)從句并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分這兩個(gè)作用。如:
They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.
(what既引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句又在從句中做主語(yǔ))
Water will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to oxygen.
(what既引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句又在從句中做表語(yǔ))
2.whoever和whomever的區(qū)別
whoever和whomever相當(dāng)于anyone who,用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語(yǔ)還是做賓語(yǔ)。如:
They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first.
(whoever在從句中做主語(yǔ))
3.有關(guān)同位語(yǔ)從句的問(wèn)題
(1)下列名詞常用做同位語(yǔ)的先行詞:
appeal, belief, conclusion, condition, conviction, doubt, evidence, fact, fear, feeling, ground(s),hope, idea, likelihood, message, news, opinion, order, plan, point, possibility, problem, promise,reply, proof, proposal, question, rumor, sign, story, suggestion, suspicion, theory, thought, truth, trouble, understanding, worry。如:
I have no doubt that he will overcome all his difficulties.
One sign that you are making progress in an art such as painting or photography is that you begin to realize how much there is to learn.
(2)引導(dǎo)詞通常為that, 但有時(shí)因名詞內(nèi)容的需要,也可由whether及連接副詞why, when, where,how引導(dǎo)。that不表示任何意義,其他詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。如:
The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.
The fact that she was a few minutes late is no reason for discharging her.
(3)同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)與先行詞隔開,注意識(shí)別。如:
Evidence came up that specific speech sounds a
re recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
(4)同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別:
● 從意義上看,同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容,定語(yǔ)從句則對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行限定、修飾;
● 從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞不在從句中充當(dāng)任何語(yǔ)法成分,定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中必須充當(dāng)一定的句子成分;
● 從先行詞的詞義特點(diǎn)看,同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞表達(dá)的是抽象內(nèi)容,這類詞數(shù)量有限,而定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞則沒(méi)有任何限制。
4.whether與if在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1)主語(yǔ)從句只能用whether引導(dǎo);
(2)whether一般多用于賓語(yǔ)從句的肯定式,而if引導(dǎo)的從句可以有否定式;
(3)whether or not可以連在一起用,而if or not則不能,or not只能放在句末;
(4)whether可以引導(dǎo)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句,if則不能;
(5)賓語(yǔ)從句提至謂語(yǔ)前面時(shí),只能用whether引導(dǎo);
(6)在question, ask后面一般只用whether,question的同位語(yǔ)從句也用whether引導(dǎo);
(7)后接不定式時(shí),只能用whether。
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